Kurs o vezničkim riječima - Priprema za TOEIC®
Vezničke riječi, poznate i kao « linking words » ili « connectors », koriste se da povežu ideje i učine tekst ili govor tečnijim. U ovom kursu ćemo pregledati glavne vrste vezničkih riječi, podijeljene po kategorijama.
1. Vezničke riječi za dodavanje ili nabrajanje ideja
Ove riječi omogućavaju uvođenje nove informacije, dopunu ideje ili strukturiranje tačaka prema logičkom (hronološkom ili po važnosti) redoslijedu.
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| and | i | I like watching movies and reading books. |
| also | također | She works as a teacher; she also does volunteer work on weekends. |
| as well | također / isto | He's a talented singer as well as a skilled guitarist. |
| in addition | dodatno / osim toga | She speaks Spanish. In addition, she understands French. |
| moreover | štaviše | He was late. Moreover, he didn’t bring his notes. |
| furthermore | osim toga / nadalje | We have no time. Furthermore, we lack the necessary equipment. |
| besides | osim toga / inače | I don’t like horror films. Besides, they scare me. |
| first / firstly | prvo / najprije | First, let me introduce the main topic of the meeting. |
| second / secondly | drugo / u drugom redu | Second, we will examine the results of the survey. |
| third / thirdly | treće / u trećem redu | Third, we’ll compare these results to last year’s data. |
| next | zatim / sljedeće | Next, we need to analyze the data in more detail. |
| then | potom / onda | Then, we’ll move on to the final discussion. |
| finally | konačno | Finally, we’ll summarize our conclusions. |
| lastly | na kraju / konačno | Lastly, we should thank everyone for their contributions. |
| last but not least | zadnje, ali ne manje važno | Last but not least, let’s address the financial aspect. |
Nijanse / Izuzeci
- « And » je najosnovnija veznička riječ. Ona povezuje jednostavno dva elementa ili ideje.
- « Beside(s) » može značiti « pored » kao preposition (npr. "The phone is beside the lamp.") ali kao connector, « besides » znači « osim toga / inače ».
- Oblici first/firstly, second/secondly, itd. su zamjenjivi, ali oblik sa « -ly » se ponekad smatra formalnijim.
2. Vezničke riječi za izražavanje uzroka i posljedice
One pokazuju zašto se nešto dešava (uzrok) i koji je rezultat (posljedica).
Izražavanje uzroka
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| because | zato što | I stayed home because it was raining heavily. |
| since | budući da / pošto | Since you’re here early, let’s start the meeting now. |
| as | jer / s obzirom da | As I was busy, I couldn’t attend the conference. |
| due to | zbog / usljed | The game was canceled due to bad weather. |
| owing to | usljed | Owing to the traffic, we arrived late. |
Izražavanje posljedice
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| so | zato / pa | It was raining, so I took an umbrella. |
| therefore | prema tome / stoga | She didn’t study; therefore, she failed the exam. |
| thus | tako / dakle | He saved money; thus, he could afford a new car. |
| as a result | kao rezultat / zbog toga | Sales increased. As a result, the company hired more staff. |
| consequently | posljedično / prema tome | The project failed. Consequently, they lost their funding. |
| hence | stoga / zato | He was the best performer; hence, his rapid promotion. |
Nijanse / Izuzeci
- « So » je vrlo čest u govornom jeziku.
- « Therefore », « thus », « consequently » i « hence » se češće koriste u formalnijem ili pisanom jeziku.
- « Due to » i « owing to » dolaze ispred imenice ili gerunda.
- The cancellation of the event was due to bad weather.
- Owing to arriving late, he missed the beginning of the movie.
3. Vezničke riječi za izražavanje uslova
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| if | ako | If it rains, we’ll stay home. |
| unless | osim ako | I won’t go out unless you come with me. |
| provided (that) | pod uslovom da | I’ll lend you the book provided (that) you give it back soon. |
| providing (that) | pod uvjetom da | We’ll succeed providing (that) we all work together. |
| as long as | sve dok / pod uvjetom da | You can stay out as long as you call me if you need anything. |
| on condition that | pod uvjetom da | He will sign the contract on condition that we respect the deadline. |
| in case | u slučaju da / ako slučajno | Take an umbrella in case it rains. |
Nijanse / Izuzeci
- « Unless » znači « osim ako », tako da rečenica sadrži implicitno negaciju.
- « I won't go unless... » = « Neću ići osim ako... »
- « Provided (that) » i « providing (that) » se često koriste naizmjenično, ali « provided that » je češći u formalnim kontekstima.
4. Vezničke riječi za izražavanje suprotnosti ili popuštanja
Izražavanje suprotnosti
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| but | ali | He is rich, but he is not happy. |
| however | međutim / ipak | I like the city; however, I prefer the countryside. |
| yet | ipak / ipak međutim | It seemed easy at first, yet it turned out complicated. |
| nevertheless | ipak / uprkos tome | They lost the match; nevertheless, they played bravely. |
| nonetheless | ipak / uprkos tome | It’s raining; nonetheless, we decided to go hiking. |
| still | ipak / još uvijek | She apologized; still, he remained upset. |
| whereas | dok / dok s druge strane | She loves jazz, whereas her brother prefers rock music. |
| while | dok / iako | While I like sweets, I try to eat healthy. |
| on the other hand | s druge strane | The city is noisy; on the other hand, it’s very vibrant. |
Izražavanje popuštanja
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| although | iako | Although it was late, we kept studying. |
| even though | čak i ako / iako | She won even though she was injured. |
| though | iako / mada | Though it was difficult, he managed to finish on time. |
| despite | uprkos | Despite the rain, they continued their trip. |
| in spite of | uprkos | In spite of her fear, she gave a great speech. |
| even if | čak i ako | We will go out even if it starts raining later. |
Nijanse / Izuzeci
- « But » je najjednostavnija i najčešća riječ za izražavanje direktne suprotnosti.
- « Though » može stajati i na kraju rečenice u neformalnom govoru.
- I’m not sure, though.
- « Despite » i « in spite of » dolaze ispred imenice ili gerunda.
- Despite the rain, they continued playing.
- In spite of having no experience, he got the job.
5. Vezničke riječi za izražavanje cilja
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| to | da / kako bi | He works hard to achieve his dreams. |
| in order to | da bi / kako bi | She left early in order to catch the first train. |
| so as to | kako bi | We must prepare everything so as to avoid any delay. |
| so that | kako bi / da bi | Turn down the music so that the neighbors won’t complain. |
| in order that | da bi | We set up a meeting in order that everyone can participate. |
Nijanse / Izuzeci
- « To » je najjednostavniji način za izražavanje cilja, obično prati glagol u infinitivu.
- « So that » i « in order that » često uvode rečenicu sa subjektom i glagolom.
- I explained it clearly so that everyone could understand.
6. Vezničke riječi za davanje primjera ili ilustraciju
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| for example | na primjer | Some countries, for example, Italy, are famous for their cuisine. |
| for instance | na primjer | There are many social networks; for instance, TikTok and Instagram. |
| such as | kao što su / na primjer | He likes outdoor activities such as hiking and kayaking. |
| like | kao | She enjoys sports like football and basketball. |
| e.g. | (exempli gratia) | You should eat more fruits (e.g., apples, bananas, oranges). |
| specifically | posebno | She focuses on sustainable energy, specifically solar power. |
| to illustrate | da ilustriramo | To illustrate, let’s look at last year’s revenue figures. |
Nijanse / Izuzeci
- « Such as » i « like » obično su praćeni konkretnim primjerima.
- « e.g. » je latinska skraćenica, uglavnom korištena u formalnim ili akademskim kontekstima, često u zagradi.
- « For example » i « for instance » se koriste naizmjenično za navođenje primjera.
7. Vezničke riječi za rezimiranje ili zaključivanje
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| in conclusion | u zaključku | In conclusion, both methods can be effective. |
| to sum up | da sumiramo | To sum up, we need more resources to complete this project. |
| in summary | ukratko / u sažetku | In summary, we’ve covered all the major points. |
| all in all | sve u svemu | All in all, it was a successful event. |
| overall | ukupno / u cjelini | Overall, the feedback has been positive. |
| to conclude | za zaključiti | To conclude, let’s review the final recommendations. |
| briefly | ukratko | Briefly, the test results are better than expected. |
| in short | ukratko | In short, we need a better strategy. |
Nijanse / Izuzeci
- « In conclusion » i « to conclude » imaju formalniji ton.
- « All in all » i « in short » su nešto neformalniji i često se koriste u govoru.
Zaključak
Vezničke riječi su ključne za strukturiranje rečenica na engleskom jeziku. One čine govor jasnijim, tečnijim i logičnijim. Na TOEIC® ispitu, dobro poznavanje vezničkih riječi je ključno, posebno u dijelu Reading, gdje pomažu u razumijevanju logičkih veza između ideja, kao i u dijelu Listening, gdje olakšavaju praćenje toka razgovora ili govora.