Kurs o partikel-verbalima - Priprema za TOEIC®
Partikelverbal (također poznat kao « phrasal verb ») je glagol kojem se dodaje mala riječ (često up, out, in, off, on, over, away, itd.). Na primjer, « to look » znači « gledati », ali « to look after » znači « brinuti se o / paziti na », a « to look up to » znači « diviti se ».
Ove partikle imaju ključnu ulogu: mogu potpuno promijeniti značenje glagola ili mu dodati posebnu nijansu. Evo tipičnog primjera:
- To break : slomiti
- To break down : pokvariti se / slomiti se (emocionalno)
- To break in : provaliti
- To break up : rastaviti se (prekinuti vezu)
1. Kako se formiraju partikel-verbalimi?
Osnovni princip je jednostavan: kombinira se glagol i partikla. Partikla može biti
- Prijedlog (in, on, at, by, after, for, itd.).
- To run into someone (slučajno sresti nekoga)
- Adverb (up, down, away, off, itd.).
- To sit down (sjesti)
- To go away (otići)
Ponekad se koriste dvije partikle, što se naziva phrasal-prepositional verbs.
- To put up with something (tolerirati nešto)
→ ovdje je partikla « up with ».
2. Različite kategorije partikel-verbalima
A. Transitivni i intransitivni partikel-verbalimi
- Transitivni: Potrebno im je objekat (direktni ili indirektni).
- To put out a fire (ugasiti vatru) → « a fire » je objekat.
- To hand in a paper (predati zadaću) → « a paper » je objekat.
- Intransitivni: Ne trebaju objekat.
- To break down (pokvariti se) → nema posebnog objekta.
- To go away (otići) → ništa ne dolazi direktno nakon glagola.
Direktni objekat (Complément d'Objet Direct) direktno dopunjuje glagol, bez prijedloga. Možete ga pronaći pitajući "šta?" ili "koga?" nakon glagola. → Ja jedem jabuku. → Ja jedem ŠTA? jabuku
Indirektni objekat (Complément d'Objet Indirect) dopunjuje glagol sa prijedlogom (à, de, pour, itd.). Možete ga pronaći pitajući "kome?", "čemu?", "od koga?", itd. → Ja pričam prijatelju. → Ja pričam KOME? prijatelju.
Izuzetak sa zamjenicama
Ako je objekat zamjenica, MORA biti smještena između glagola i partikle.
- ✅ I turned it off.
❌ I turned off it. - ✅ She picked him up.
❌ She picked up him. - ✅ Can you put it on?
❌ Can you put on it?
B. Separabilni i inseparabilni partikel-verbalimi (za transitivne glagole)
- Separabilni: Objekat se može staviti između glagola i partikle ili nakon partikle.
- To turn off the light = To turn the light off
« off » može biti nakon « light » ili odmah nakon « turn ». - Turn off the TV = Turn the TV off
(ugasi TV) - Pick up the phone = Pick the phone up
(podigni telefon)
- To turn off the light = To turn the light off
- Inseparabilni: Objekat se ne može umetnuti između glagola i partikle. Uvijek dolazi nakon partikle.
- To look after someone
(brinuti se o nekome)- Ne možete reći « To look someone after ».
- Uvijek se kaže: « I look after my nephew every weekend ».
- To look after someone
C. Glagoli sa dvije partikle (phrasal-prepositional verbs)
Neki glagoli kombinuju dvije partikle, i objekat uvijek dolazi poslije:
- To put up with something (tolerirati)
- I can't put up with the noise anymore!
- To look forward to something (radovati se nečemu)
- I’m looking forward to the holidays.
- To get on with someone (dobro se slagati s nekim)
- He gets on with his new colleagues really well.
4. Doslovno značenje vs. figurativno značenje
Partikel-verbalimi mogu imati doslovno značenje povezano sa značenjem partikle, ili figurativno značenje koje se potpuno razlikuje od osnovnog glagola. Zato je važno učiti ove glagole pojedinačno i dobro naučiti najčešće.
- Značenje blisko glagolu i partiklu:
- To come in : ući (prilično direktno značenje: « doći » + « unutra »)
- To go out : izaći (slično: « ići » + « van »)
- Figurativno značenje (nije uvijek predvidivo):
- To bring up a topic : spomenuti temu, započeti razgovor o tome
- To bring up a child : odgajati dijete
- To give up : odustati, prestati raditi nešto
- To make up a story : izmisliti priču, lagati
- To take off : poletjeti (za avion), ili čak imati veliki uspjeh
- His career took off suddenly.
5. Lista najčešćih partikel-verbalima
Ovo je pregled najčešće korištenih partikel-verbalima:
| Phrasal Verb | Značenje | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| Get up | Ustati | I get up at 7 AM every day. |
| Wake up | Probuditi se | He wakes up late on weekends. |
| Put on | Obući (odjeću) | She put on her jacket before going out. |
| Take off | Skinuti (odjeću) / Poletjeti | She took off her shoes. / The plane took off at 9 AM. |
| Look for | Tražiti | I’m looking for my keys. |
| Look after | Brinuti se o | I look after my younger brother when my parents are away. |
| Look up to | Diviti se | I look up to my mother; she’s my role model. |
| Look forward to | Radovati se | I’m looking forward to my birthday party. |
| Turn on / Turn off | Uključiti / isključiti | Could you turn on the lights? / Turn off the TV, please. |
| Pick up | Pokupiti / Ići po / Naučiti | Pick up your clothes. / I’ll pick you up at 8 PM. / He picked up Spanish. |
| Give up | Odustati | I will never give up on my dreams. |
| Bring up | Odgajati dijete / Spomenuti temu | She was brought up by her grandparents. / He brought up the issue at the meeting. |
| Catch up (with) | Sustići / Nadoknaditi / Dostići | I need to catch up on my reading. / You go ahead; I’ll catch up with you later. |
| Carry on | Nastaviti | Carry on with your work. |
| Run into | Sresti slučajno | I ran into an old friend at the supermarket. |
| Hold on | Sačekati / Ne prekidati | Please hold on, I’ll check the information. |
| Find out | Saznati, otkriti informaciju | I found out that he had moved to another city. |
| Work out | Riješiti problem / Vježbati | We need to work out a better strategy. / I work out at the gym three times a week. |
| Throw away | Baciti | Don’t throw away the receipts; you might need them. |
| Sort out | Riješiti problem, organizirati | We need to sort out this issue before the deadline. |
| Give in | Popustiti, odustati | He finally gave in to the pressure. |
| Call off | Otkazati | They called off the meeting due to bad weather. |
| Break down | Pokvariti se / Slomiti se emocionalno | My car broke down on the highway. / She broke down in tears. |
| Break up | Raskinuti | They broke up after five years together. |
| Set up | Postaviti, osnovati | They set up a new company last year. |
| Put up with | Tolerirati | I can’t put up with this noise anymore. |
| Take over | Preuzeti kontrolu | The company was taken over by a competitor. |
| Back up | Sačuvati / Podržati | You should back up your files. / He backed up his friend during the argument. |
| Come across | Naići na, slučajno pronaći | I came across an interesting article online. |
| Hang up | Spustiti slušalicu (telefon) | She hung up before I could say goodbye. |
| Go over | Pregledati, razmotriti | Let’s go over the details before the presentation. |
| Turn down | Odbiti | He turned down the job offer. |
| Bring in | Uvesti, unijeti | The company brought in new regulations last month. |
| Run out of | Ostati bez | We ran out of milk this morning. |
| Show up | Pojaviti se, doći | He showed up late to the meeting. |
| Make up | Izmisliti / Pomiriti se | He made up an excuse. / They made up after the argument. |
| Go through | Proći kroz, doživjeti | She went through a tough time last year. |
| Drop in | Svratiti nenajavljeno | She dropped in to say hello. |
| Fall through | Propasti, ne uspjeti | Our vacation plans fell through due to bad weather. |
| Get in touch | Stupiti u kontakt | I need to get in touch with my lawyer. |
| Keep up with | Držati korak, ostati u toku | He walks so fast I can’t keep up with him. |
| Look up | Potražiti informaciju (u rječniku, na internetu) | I looked up the meaning of the word online. |
| Make up for | Nadoknaditi | She tried to make up for her mistake by apologizing. |
| Narrow down | Sužiti, filtrirati izbor | We need to narrow down the candidates to three finalists. |
| Own up to | Priznati, priznati odgovornost | He owned up to breaking the vase. |
| Step down | Povuci se, dati ostavku | The CEO decided to step down after ten years in office. |
Zaključak
Partikel-verbalimi su ključan dio savladavanja svakodnevnog engleskog jezika i izuzetno su prisutni u TOEIC® Reading i Listening dijelovima. Iako mogu biti zbunjujući na početku zbog više značenja i kompleksne strukture (separabilni ili inseparabilni, transitivni ili intransitivni), vježba omogućuje da ih prepoznate i koristite prirodno.