Cwrs cymharolion yn Saesneg - Paratoi TOEIC®
Mae'r cymharol yn cael ei ddefnyddio i gymharu dau elfen gan ddangos bod nodwedd yn well, gwaeth, neu yr un fath mewn un ag y llall. Mae'r ffordd o'i ffurfio yn dibynnu ar hyd ac math yr ansoddair a ddefnyddir.
1. Cymharu 2 beth gyda ansoddeiriau byr
Cyfeirir at ansoddair fel byr pan mae'n cynnwys:
- Un sillaf yn unig (small, big, tall).
- Dwy sillaf sy'n gorffen gyda -y (happy, easy, funny).
I ffurfio'r cymharol gyda ansoddeiriau byr, dyma'r rheol:
A. Os mai un sillaf sydd gan yr ansoddair
Ar y ffurf cymharol uwch, ychwanegir yn syml "er" wedi'i ddilyn gan "than".
| Math o ansoddair | Cymharol uwch | Cymharol is | Cymharol cyfartal |
|---|---|---|---|
| tall (tal) | taller than (talach na) Tom is taller than his brother. (Mae Tom yn dalach na'i frawd.) | less tall than (llai tal na) Tom is less tall than Mike. (Mae Tom yn llai tal na Mike.) | as tall as (mor dal â) Tom is as tall as his father. (Mae Tom mor dal â'i dad.) |
| fast (cyflym) | faster than (cyflymach na) The new car is faster than the old one. (Mae'r car newydd yn gyflymach na'r hen un.) | less fast than (llai cyflym na) This bike is less fast than my car. (Mae'r beic hwn yn llai cyflym na fy nghar.) | as fast as (mor gyflym â) This train is as fast as the other one. (Mae'r trên hwn mor gyflym â'r llall.) |
| short (byr) | shorter than (byrach na) This road is shorter than the other one. (Mae'r ffordd hon yn fyrrach na'r llall.) | less short than (llai byr na) This book is less short than the previous one. (Mae'r llyfr hwn yn llai byr na'r blaenorol.) | as short as (mor fyr â) This speech is as short as the last one. (Mae'r araith hon mor fyr â'r un ddiwethaf.) |
B. Os yw'r ansoddair yn un sillaf ac yn gorffen gyda cytseiniaid
Ar y cymharol uwch, ar gyfer ansoddeiriau byr un sillaf, pan mae'r gair yn gorffen gyda cydseiniaid + llafariaid + cydseiniaid, dyblir y gytsein olaf cyn ychwanegu "er".
| Ansoddair byr | Cymharol uwch | Cymharol is | Cymharol cyfartal |
|---|---|---|---|
| big (mawr) | bigger than (mawrach na) This sofa is bigger than the one in the other room. (Mae'r soffa hon yn fwy na'r un yn ystafell arall.) | less big than (llai mawr na) This apartment is less big than my house. (Mae'r fflat hwn yn llai mawr na fy nhŷ.) | as big as (mor fawr â) This dog is as big as a wolf. (Mae'r ci hwn mor fawr â blaidd.) |
| hot (poeth) | hotter than (poethach na) Today is hotter than yesterday. (Mae heddiw yn boethach na ddoe.) | less hot than (llai poeth na) This summer is less hot than last year. (Mae'r haf hwn yn llai poeth na llynedd.) | as hot as (mor boeth â) The tea is as hot as coffee. (Mae'r te mor boeth â'r coffi.) |
| thin (tenau) | thinner than (teneuach na) She looks thinner than last year. (Mae hi'n edrych yn teneuach na llynedd.) | less thin than (llai tenau na) This paper is less thin than the one before. (Mae'r papur hwn yn llai tenau na'r un blaenorol.) | as thin as (mor denau â) This model is as thin as her colleague. (Mae'r model hwn mor denau â'i chydweithiwr.) |
C. Os yw'r ansoddair yn ddwy sillaf ac yn gorffen gyda -y
Ar y cymharol uwch, ar gyfer ansoddeiriau dwy sillaf sy'n gorffen gyda "-y", mae'r “y” yn cael ei newid i “i”, ac yna ychwanegu “er” a “than”.
- happy → happier than (hapusach na)
- She looks happier than yesterday.
(Mae hi'n edrych yn hapusach na ddoe.)
- She looks happier than yesterday.
- easy → easier than (haws na)
- This exercise is easier than the previous one.
(Mae'r ymarfer hwn yn haws na'r un blaenorol.)
- This exercise is easier than the previous one.
- funny → funnier than (fwy doniol na)
- This comedian is funnier than the one we saw last week.
(Mae'r digrifwr hwn yn fwy doniol na'r un a welsom yr wythnos diwethaf.)
- This comedian is funnier than the one we saw last week.
| Ansoddair byr (-y) | Cymharol uwch | Cymharol is | Cymharol cyfartal |
|---|---|---|---|
| happy (hapus) | happier than (hapusach na) She looks happier than yesterday. (Mae hi'n edrych yn hapusach na ddoe.) | less happy than (llai hapus na) He is less happy than before. (Mae'n llai hapus nag o'r blaen.) | as happy as (mor hapus â) She is as happy as her sister. (Mae hi mor hapus â'i chwaer.) |
| easy (hawdd) | easier than (haws na) This exercise is easier than the previous one. (Mae'r ymarfer hwn yn haws na'r un blaenorol.) | less easy than (llai hawdd na) This test is less easy than the last one. (Mae'r prawf hwn yn llai hawdd na'r un diwethaf.) | as easy as (mor hawdd â) The exam was as easy as I expected. (Roedd yr arholiad mor hawdd ag y disgwylais.) |
| funny (doniol) | funnier than (fwy doniol na) This comedian is funnier than the one we saw last week. (Mae'r digrifwr hwn yn fwy doniol na'r un a welsom yr wythnos diwethaf.) | less funny than (llai doniol na) The movie was less funny than I thought. (Roedd y ffilm yn llai doniol nag roeddwn yn credu.) | as funny as (mor ddoniol â) This show is as funny as the last one. (Mae'r sioe hon mor ddoniol â'r un flaenorol.) |
2. Cymharu dau beth gyda ansoddeiriau hir
Ystyrir ansoddair yn “hir” pan mae'n cynnwys dwy sillaf neu fwy ac nid yw'n gorffen gyda “-y” (e.e. important, expensive, comfortable).
| Ansoddair hir | Cymharol uwch | Cymharol is | Cymharol cyfartal |
|---|---|---|---|
| expensive (drud) | more expensive than (drutach na) This car is more expensive than that one. (Mae'r car hwn yn fwy drud na'r llall.) | less expensive than (llai drud na) This phone is less expensive than the latest model. (Mae'r ffôn hwn yn llai drud na'r model diweddaraf.) | as expensive as (mor ddrud â) This hotel is as expensive as the one in Paris. (Mae'r gwesty hwn mor ddrud â'r un ym Mharis.) |
| beautiful (prydferth) | more beautiful than (prydferthach na) This painting is more beautiful than the one in the hallway. (Mae'r paentiad hwn yn fwy prydferth na'r un yn y gyntedd.) | less beautiful than (llai prydferth na) This dress is less beautiful than the red one. (Mae'r ffrog hon yn llai prydferth na'r un goch.) | as beautiful as (mor brydferth â) This garden is as beautiful as the one in Versailles. (Mae'r ardd hon mor brydferth â'r un yn Versailles.) |
| comfortable (cyfforddus) | more comfortable than (cyfforddusach na) This sofa is more comfortable than the chair. (Mae'r soffa hon yn fwy cyfforddus na'r gadair.) | less comfortable than (llai cyfforddus na) This bed is less comfortable than mine. (Mae'r gwely hwn yn llai cyfforddus na fy un i.) | as comfortable as (mor gyfforddus â) This hotel room is as comfortable as my bedroom. (Mae'r ystafell westy hon mor gyfforddus â'm hystafell wely.) |
3. Ansoddeiriau afreolaidd yn y cymharol
Mae rhai ansoddeiriau gyda ffurfiau cymharol ac uwchaf afreolaidd nad ydynt yn dilyn y rheolau blaenorol. Dyma'r rhai mwyaf cyffredin:
| Ansoddair | Cymharol uwch | Cymharol is | Cymharol cyfartal |
|---|---|---|---|
| good (da) | better than (gwell na) This book is better than the one I read last week. (Mae'r llyfr hwn yn well na'r un darllenais yr wythnos diwethaf.) | less good than (llai da na) This restaurant is less good than the one we went to last time. (Mae'r bwyty hwn yn llai da na'r un a aethom iddo y tro diwethaf.) | as good as (mor dda â) This movie is as good as the original. (Mae'r ffilm hon mor dda â'r gwreiddiol.) |
| bad (drwg) | worse than (gwaeth na) Her result is worse than mine. (Mae ei chanlyniad yn waeth na fy un i.) | less bad than (llai drwg na) This option is less bad than the other one. (Mae'r opsiwn hwn yn llai drwg na'r llall.) | as bad as (mor ddrwg â) His cooking is as bad as mine. (Mae ei goginio mor ddrwg â fy un i.) |
| far (pell) | farther than (pellach na, ar gyfer pellter corfforol) Paris is farther than Lyon from here. (Mae Paris yn bellach na Lyon o fan hyn.) further than (pellach na, ar gyfer cysyniadau haniaethol) The situation requires further explanation. (Mae'r sefyllfa'n gofyn am esboniad pellach.) | less far than (llai pell na) New York is less far than Los Angeles from here. (Mae Efrog Newydd yn llai pell na Los Angeles o fan hyn.) | as far as (mor bell â) She can run as far as her brother. (Gall hi redeg mor bell â'i brawd.) |
| little (bach, ychydig) | less than (llai na) I have less time than before. (Mae gen i lai o amser nag o'r blaen.) | / | as little as (mor ychydig â) He speaks as little as his sister. (Mae'n siarad mor ychydig â'i chwaer.) |
| many/much (llawer o) | more than (mwy na) She has more friends than me. (Mae ganddi fwy o ffrindiau na fi.) This job requires more effort than the previous one. (Mae'r swydd hon yn gofyn am fwy o ymdrech na'r un blaenorol.) | less than (llai na) I drink less water than I should. (Rwy'n yfed llai o ddŵr nag y dylwn.) | as many as (cymaint â, ar gyfer enwau cyfrifadwy) He has as many books as his sister. (Mae ganddo gymaint o lyfrau â'i chwaer.) as much as (cymaint â, ar gyfer enwau anrhifadwy) She earns as much money as her colleague. (Mae'n ennill cymaint o arian â'i chydweithiwr.) |
4. Y gwahanol fathau o gymharol
A. Cymharol is: “llai ... na”
I ffurfio'r cymharol is, defnyddir y strwythur less + ansoddair + than. Mae'r rheol hon yn berthnasol i bob ansoddair, waeth beth fo'i hyd.
- This chair is less comfortable than the armchair.
(Mae'r gadair hon yn llai cyfforddus na'r frest.) - He is less patient than his brother.
(Mae'n llai amyneddgar na'i frawd.)
B. Cymharol cyfartal: “mor ... â” / “cymaint ... â”
Mae'r cymharol cyfartal yn nodi bod nodwedd yn union yr un fath rhwng dau elfen.
- Gyda enw: the same + enw + as
- She bought the same dress as me.
(Prynodd yr un ffrog â fi.)
- She bought the same dress as me.
- Gyda ansoddair: as + ansoddair + as
- The task is as difficult as I thought.
(Mae'r dasg mor anodd ag y meddyliais.)
- The task is as difficult as I thought.
Amrywiadau
Mae rhai amrywiadau i fynegi'r cymharol cyfartal:
- Ar y ffurf negyddol: not as ... as (≃ less ... than)
- It is not as effective as we expected
(Nid yw mor effeithiol ag yr oeddem yn disgwyl.)
- It is not as effective as we expected
- Nesaf at: almost / nearly as + ansoddair + as
- The project is nearly as complex as the last one.
(Mae'r prosiect bron mor gymhleth â'r un diwethaf.)
- The project is nearly as complex as the last one.
- Yn union yr un fath: just as + ansoddair + as
- This solution is just as practical as the first one.
(Mae'r ateb hwn cyn ymarferol â'r cyntaf.)
- This solution is just as practical as the first one.
- Ddwy waith mwy / hanner llai (na): twice / half as ... (as ...)
- This apartment is twice as big as my old one.
(Mae'r fflat hwn ddwy waith yn fwy na'r hen un.)
- This apartment is twice as big as my old one.
- N waith yn fwy drud (na): N times as expensive (as ...)
- This watch is five times as expensive as mine.
(Mae'r oriawr hon bum gwaith yn fwy drud na fy un i.)
- This watch is five times as expensive as mine.
Cymharu meintiau
I gymharu meintiau, defnyddir "as much as" gyda enwau anrhifadwy a "as many as" gyda enwau cyfrifadwy.
- "As much as" i enwau anrhifadwy:
- She earns as much money as her colleague.
(Mae'n ennill cymaint o arian â'i chydweithiwr.) - This recipe requires as much sugar as the other one.
(Mae'r rysáit hon yn gofyn am gymaint o siwgr â'r llall.)
- She earns as much money as her colleague.
- "As many as" i enwau cyfrifadwy:
- He has as many responsibilities as his manager.
(Mae ganddo gymaint o gyfrifoldebau â'i reolwr.) - There were as many guests at the party as last year.
(Roedd cynifer o westeion yn y parti ag y llynedd.)
- He has as many responsibilities as his manager.
C. “Llai ac yn llai...”, “mwy ac yn fwy...”
I fynegi cynnydd neu leihad dros amser, defnyddir y strwythur "cymharol + and + cymharol".
- It is getting colder and colder outside.
(Mae'n mynd yn oerach ac yn oerach y tu allan.) - The city is becoming more and more crowded.
(Mae'r ddinas yn mynd yn fwy ac yn fwy llawn.) - He is getting less and less interested in his job.
(Mae'n llai ac yn llai â diddordeb yn ei waith.)
D. “Po fwyaf ... dwi'n ...”, “Po fwyaf ... po leiaf ...”
I fynegi berthynas achos ac effaith rhwng dau elfen, defnyddir y strwythur "the + cymharol, the + cymharol".
- The healthier you eat, the better you feel.
(Po fwyaf iach yr ydych yn bwyta, gorau y byddwch yn teimlo.) - The more experience you have, the easier it gets.
(Po fwyaf o brofiad sydd gennych, haws y daw.) - The faster you run, the more exhausted you get.
(Po gyflymaf y byddwch yn rhedeg, mwyaf blinedig fyddwch.)
E. Nodi cymhariaeth yn fwy manwl
I fynegi cymhariaeth yn fwy manwl, gellir rhoi adferfau fel slightly, a bit, somewhat, much, far, a great deal o flaen y cymharol.
- This jacket is slightly more expensive than the other one.
(Mae'r siaced hon ychydig yn fwy drud na'r llall.) - The problem is far more complex than expected.
(Mae'r broblem yn llawer mwy cymhleth nag y disgwylid.) - This laptop is a bit faster than my old one.
(Mae'r gliniadur hwn ychydig yn gyflymach na'r hen un.)
Gyda "even" i bwysleisio
- The situation is even worse than we thought.
(Mae'r sefyllfa hyd yn oed yn waeth nag y tybiais.)
Gyda "any" neu "no" i bwysleisio diffyg gwahaniaeth
- The new version is no better than the previous one.
(Nid yw'r fersiwn newydd yn well na'r un blaenorol.) - We can’t wait any longer for an answer.
(Ni allwn aros yn hwy am ateb.)
F. Cymharu meintiau (enwau cyfrifadwy ac anrhifadwy)
I gymharu meintiau ac symiau, defnyddir more, less, fewer, not as much as, not as many as, ac ati.
- I enwau cyfrifadwy (fewer, more, many)
- We need to hire more employees this year.
(Mae angen i ni gyflogi mwy o weithwyr eleni.) - There are fewer opportunities in this industry than before.
(Mae llai o gyfleoedd yn y diwydiant hwn nag o'r blaen.) - She doesn’t have as many tasks as her colleague.
(Nid oes ganddi gymaint o dasgau â'i chydweithiwr.)
- We need to hire more employees this year.
- I enwau anrhifadwy (less, more, much)
- He has more patience than I do.
(Mae ganddo fwy o amynedd na fi.) - We should consume less sugar.
(Dylem fwyta llai o siwgr.) - We didn’t gain as much profit as last year.
(Nid ydym wedi ennill cymaint o elw ag y llynedd.)
- He has more patience than I do.
Casgliad
Yn grynodeb, mae'r cymharol yn Saesneg yn galluogi cymharu dau elfen mewn gwahanol ffyrdd:
- Y cymharol is (less ... than) i fynegi "llai na"
- Y cymharol cyfartal (as ... as) i fynegi "mor ... â"
- Amrywiadau fel "bron mor ... â" (almost/nearly as), "yn union mor ... â" (just as)
- Ymadroddion maint gyda "as much as" (anrhifadwy) a "as many as" (cyfrifadwy)
- Cynnydd gyda "mwy ac yn fwy" (more and more) a "llai ac yn llai" (less and less)
- Berthynas achos ac effaith gyda "po ... po ..." (the... the)