Cwrs ar gysylltwyr - Paratoi ar gyfer TOEIC®
Written by William D'Andréa
Mae geiriau cysylltu, a elwir hefyd yn « linking words » neu « connectors », yn gwasanaethu i gysylltu syniadau ac i wneud testun neu araith yn fwy llyfn. Yn y cwrs hwn, byddwn yn adolygu'r prif fathau o gysylltwyr, wedi'u rhannu yn ôl categori.
1. Geiriau cysylltu i ychwanegu neu rhestru syniadau
Mae'r geiriau hyn yn caniatáu cyflwyno gwybodaeth newydd, cwblhau syniad, neu strwythuro pwyntiau mewn trefn resymegol (chronolegol neu bwysigrwydd).
| Gair | Cyfieithiad | Enghraifft |
|---|---|---|
| and | ac | I like watching movies and reading books. |
| also | hefyd | She works as a teacher; she also does volunteer work on weekends. |
| as well | hefyd / yn ogystal | He's a talented singer as well as a skilled guitarist. |
| in addition | yn ogystal / ar ben hynny | She speaks Spanish. In addition, she understands French. |
| moreover | ar ben hynny / heblaw hynny | He was late. Moreover, he didn’t bring his notes. |
| furthermore | yn ogystal / ar ben hynny | We have no time. Furthermore, we lack the necessary equipment. |
| besides | ar ben hynny / hefyd | I don’t like horror films. Besides, they scare me. |
| first / firstly | yn gyntaf / yn gyntaf oll | First, let me introduce the main topic of the meeting. |
| second / secondly | yn ail | Second, we will examine the results of the survey. |
| third / thirdly | yn drydydd | Third, we’ll compare these results to last year’s data. |
| next | nesaf | Next, we need to analyze the data in more detail. |
| then | wedyn / yna | Then, we’ll move on to the final discussion. |
| finally | yn olaf | Finally, we’ll summarize our conclusions. |
| lastly | olaf | Lastly, we should thank everyone for their contributions. |
| last but not least | olaf ond nid y lleiaf | Last but not least, let’s address the financial aspect. |
Nuanseuon / Eithriadau
- « And » yw'r gair cysylltu mwyaf sylfaenol. Mae'n cysylltu dau elfen neu syniad yn syml.
- Gall « Beside(s) » olygu « wrth ymyl » fel Preposition (e.e. "The phone is beside the lamp."), ond fel connector, mae « besides » yn golygu « ar ben hynny / hefyd ».
- Mae'r ffurfiau first/firstly, second/secondly, ac ati yn gyfnewidiol, ond mae'r ffurf gyda « -ly » weithiau'n cael ei hystyried yn fwy swyddogol.
2. Geiriau cysylltu i fynegi achos a chanlyniad
Maent yn nodi pam mae rhywbeth yn digwydd (achos) a beth yw'r canlyniad (canlyniad).
Mynegi'r achos
| Gair | Cyfieithiad | Enghraifft |
|---|---|---|
| because | oherwydd | I stayed home because it was raining heavily. |
| since | gan fod / gan i / gan ei fod | Since you’re here early, let’s start the meeting now. |
| as | gan fod / am fod | As I was busy, I couldn’t attend the conference. |
| due to | oherwydd / oherwydd bod | The game was canceled due to bad weather. |
| owing to | oherwydd | Owing to the traffic, we arrived late. |
Mynegi'r canlyniad
| Gair | Cyfieithiad | Enghraifft |
|---|---|---|
| so | felly / felly yna | It was raining, so I took an umbrella. |
| therefore | felly / felly yna / o ganlyniad | She didn’t study; therefore, she failed the exam. |
| thus | felly / felly yna | He saved money; thus, he could afford a new car. |
| as a result | o ganlyniad / felly | Sales increased. As a result, the company hired more staff. |
| consequently | o ganlyniad / felly | The project failed. Consequently, they lost their funding. |
| hence | felly / o ganlyniad | He was the best performer; hence, his rapid promotion. |
Nuanseuon / Eithriadau
- Mae « So » yn gyffredin iawn mewn iaith lafar.
- Mae « Therefore », « thus », « consequently » ac « hence » yn cael eu defnyddio'n amlach mewn cofnodion ffurfiol neu ysgrifenedig.
- Defnyddir « Due to » ac « owing to » cyn Nomen neu Gerund.
- The cancellation of the event was due to bad weather.
- Owing to arriving late, he missed the beginning of the movie.
3. Geiriau cysylltu i fynegi amod
| Gair | Cyfieithiad | Enghraifft |
|---|---|---|
| if | os | If it rains, we’ll stay home. |
| unless | oni bai | I won’t go out unless you come with me. |
| provided (that) | ar yr amod / cyn belled â bod | I’ll lend you the book provided (that) you give it back soon. |
| providing (that) | os / cyn belled â bod | We’ll succeed providing (that) we all work together. |
| as long as | cyn belled â / cyhyd â | You can stay out as long as you call me if you need anything. |
| on condition that | ar yr amod fod / ar yr amod | He will sign the contract on condition that we respect the deadline. |
| in case | rhag ofn | Take an umbrella in case it rains. |
Nuanseuon / Eithriadau
- Mae « Unless » yn golygu « oni bai », felly mae'r cymal yn mynegi negyddu anuniongyrchol.
- “I won’t go unless...” = “Fyddaf i ddim yn mynd oni bai...”
- Mae « Provided (that) » a « providing (that) » yn aml yn gyfnewidiol, ond mae « provided that » yn fwy cyffredin mewn cyd-destunau swyddogol.
4. Geiriau cysylltu i fynegi gwrthwynebiad neu gydnabyddiaeth
Mynegi gwrthwynebiad
| Gair | Cyfieithiad | Enghraifft |
|---|---|---|
| but | ond | He is rich, but he is not happy. |
| however | fodd bynnag / serch hynny | I like the city; however, I prefer the countryside. |
| yet | eto / serch hynny | It seemed easy at first, yet it turned out complicated. |
| nevertheless | serch hynny / eto | They lost the match; nevertheless, they played bravely. |
| nonetheless | serch hynny / eto | It’s raining; nonetheless, we decided to go hiking. |
| still | eto / serch hynny | She apologized; still, he remained upset. |
| whereas | tra bo / tra bod | She loves jazz, whereas her brother prefers rock music. |
| while | tra bo / tra bod | While I like sweets, I try to eat healthy. |
| on the other hand | ar y llaw arall | The city is noisy; on the other hand, it’s very vibrant. |
Mynegi cydnabyddiaeth
| Gair | Cyfieithiad | Enghraifft |
|---|---|---|
| although | er fod / er | Although it was late, we kept studying. |
| even though | hyd yn oed os / er fod | She won even though she was injured. |
| though | er / er bod | Though it was difficult, he managed to finish on time. |
| despite | er gwaethaf | Despite the rain, they continued their trip. |
| in spite of | er gwaethaf | In spite of her fear, she gave a great speech. |
| even if | hyd yn oed os | We will go out even if it starts raining later. |
Nuanseuon / Eithriadau
- « But » yw'r ffordd symlaf ac amlycaf o fynegi gwrthwynebiad uniongyrchol.
- Gall « Though » fod ar ddiwedd brawddeg mewn cofnod llafar ac anffurfiol:
- I’m not sure, though.
- Dilynir « Despite » a « in spite of » gan Nomen neu Gerund.
- Despite the rain, they continued playing.
- In spite of having no experience, he got the job.
5. Geiriau cysylltu i fynegi pwrpas
| Gair | Cyfieithiad | Enghraifft |
|---|---|---|
| to | er mwyn / i | He works hard to achieve his dreams. |
| in order to | er mwyn | She left early in order to catch the first train. |
| so as to | er mwyn | We must prepare everything so as to avoid any delay. |
| so that | fel bod / fel y | Turn down the music so that the neighbors won’t complain. |
| in order that | er mwyn i | We set up a meeting in order that everyone can participate. |
Nuanseuon / Eithriadau
- « To » yw'r ffordd symlaf o fynegi pwrpas, fel arfer yn cael ei ddilyn gan ferf yn yr Infinitive.
- Mae « So that » a « in order that » yn cyflwyno cymal sy'n cynnwys Subject a Verb.
- I explained it clearly so that everyone could understand.
6. Geiriau cysylltu i roi enghreifftiau neu egluro
| Gair | Cyfieithiad | Enghraifft |
|---|---|---|
| for example | er enghraifft | Some countries, for example, Italy, are famous for their cuisine. |
| for instance | er enghraifft | There are many social networks; for instance, TikTok and Instagram. |
| such as | fel / megis | He likes outdoor activities such as hiking and kayaking. |
| like | fel | She enjoys sports like football and basketball. |
| e.g. | (exempli gratia) | You should eat more fruits (e.g., apples, bananas, oranges). |
| specifically | yn benodol | She focuses on sustainable energy, specifically solar power. |
| to illustrate | i ddangos | To illustrate, let’s look at last year’s revenue figures. |
Nuanseuon / Eithriadau
- Dilynir « Such as » a « like » yn gyffredinol gan enghreifftiau penodol.
- « e.g. » yw talfyriad Lladin, a ddefnyddir yn bennaf mewn cofnodion ffurfiol neu academaidd, yn aml mewn cromfachau.
- Gellir defnyddio « For example » a « for instance » yn gyfnewidiol i gyflwyno enghraifft.
7. Geiriau cysylltu i grynhoi neu gloi
| Gair | Cyfieithiad | Enghraifft |
|---|---|---|
| in conclusion | i gloi / yn y casgliad | In conclusion, both methods can be effective. |
| to sum up | i grynhoi | To sum up, we need more resources to complete this project. |
| in summary | yn gryno / i grynhoi | In summary, we’ve covered all the major points. |
| all in all | ar y cyfan / yn gyffredinol | All in all, it was a successful event. |
| overall | yn gyffredinol / ar y cyfan | Overall, the feedback has been positive. |
| to conclude | i gloi | To conclude, let’s review the final recommendations. |
| briefly | yn fyr / yn fyr iawn | Briefly, the test results are better than expected. |
| in short | yn fyr | In short, we need a better strategy. |
Nuanseuon / Eithriadau
- Mae « In conclusion » a « to conclude » yn fwy swyddogol.
- Mae « All in all » a « in short » yn fwy anffurfiol ac yn aml yn cael eu defnyddio ar lafar.
Casgliad
Mae cysylltwyr yn hanfodol ar gyfer strwythuro brawddegau yn Saesneg. Maent yn gwneud y canlyniad yn gliriach, yn llyfnach ac yn fwy rhesymegol. Yn yr TOEIC®, mae dealltwriaeth gadarn o gysylltwyr yn allweddol, yn enwedig yn yr adran Reading, lle maent yn helpu i ddeall y cysylltiadau rhesymegol rhwng syniadau, ac yn yr adran Listening, lle maent yn eich helpu i ddilyn llif sgwrs neu araith.
