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Cwrs ar gysylltwyr - Paratoi ar gyfer TOEIC®

Athro o top-students.com yn esbonio cysylltwyr yn Saesneg ar fwrdd du gyda sialc. Mae'r cwrs hwn yn gwrs arbenigol TOEIC® wedi'i gynllunio ar gyfer rhagoriaeth yn yr arholiad TOEIC®.

Mae geiriau cysylltu, a elwir hefyd yn « linking words » neu « connectors », yn gwasanaethu i gysylltu syniadau ac i wneud testun neu araith yn fwy llyfn. Yn y cwrs hwn, byddwn yn adolygu'r prif fathau o gysylltwyr, wedi'u rhannu yn ôl categori.

1. Geiriau cysylltu i ychwanegu neu rhestru syniadau

Mae'r geiriau hyn yn caniatáu cyflwyno gwybodaeth newydd, cwblhau syniad, neu strwythuro pwyntiau mewn trefn resymegol (chronolegol neu bwysigrwydd).

GairCyfieithiadEnghraifft
andacI like watching movies and reading books.
alsohefydShe works as a teacher; she also does volunteer work on weekends.
as wellhefyd / yn ogystalHe's a talented singer as well as a skilled guitarist.
in additionyn ogystal / ar ben hynnyShe speaks Spanish. In addition, she understands French.
moreoverar ben hynny / heblaw hynnyHe was late. Moreover, he didn’t bring his notes.
furthermoreyn ogystal / ar ben hynnyWe have no time. Furthermore, we lack the necessary equipment.
besidesar ben hynny / hefydI don’t like horror films. Besides, they scare me.
first / firstlyyn gyntaf / yn gyntaf ollFirst, let me introduce the main topic of the meeting.
second / secondlyyn ailSecond, we will examine the results of the survey.
third / thirdlyyn drydyddThird, we’ll compare these results to last year’s data.
nextnesafNext, we need to analyze the data in more detail.
thenwedyn / ynaThen, we’ll move on to the final discussion.
finallyyn olafFinally, we’ll summarize our conclusions.
lastlyolafLastly, we should thank everyone for their contributions.
last but not leastolaf ond nid y lleiafLast but not least, let’s address the financial aspect.

Nuanseuon / Eithriadau

2. Geiriau cysylltu i fynegi achos a chanlyniad

Maent yn nodi pam mae rhywbeth yn digwydd (achos) a beth yw'r canlyniad (canlyniad).

Mynegi'r achos

GairCyfieithiadEnghraifft
becauseoherwyddI stayed home because it was raining heavily.
sincegan fod / gan i / gan ei fodSince you’re here early, let’s start the meeting now.
asgan fod / am fodAs I was busy, I couldn’t attend the conference.
due tooherwydd / oherwydd bodThe game was canceled due to bad weather.
owing tooherwyddOwing to the traffic, we arrived late.

Mynegi'r canlyniad

GairCyfieithiadEnghraifft
sofelly / felly ynaIt was raining, so I took an umbrella.
thereforefelly / felly yna / o ganlyniadShe didn’t study; therefore, she failed the exam.
thusfelly / felly ynaHe saved money; thus, he could afford a new car.
as a resulto ganlyniad / fellySales increased. As a result, the company hired more staff.
consequentlyo ganlyniad / fellyThe project failed. Consequently, they lost their funding.
hencefelly / o ganlyniadHe was the best performer; hence, his rapid promotion.

Nuanseuon / Eithriadau

3. Geiriau cysylltu i fynegi amod

GairCyfieithiadEnghraifft
ifosIf it rains, we’ll stay home.
unlessoni baiI won’t go out unless you come with me.
provided (that)ar yr amod / cyn belled â bodI’ll lend you the book provided (that) you give it back soon.
providing (that)os / cyn belled â bodWe’ll succeed providing (that) we all work together.
as long ascyn belled â / cyhyd âYou can stay out as long as you call me if you need anything.
on condition thatar yr amod fod / ar yr amodHe will sign the contract on condition that we respect the deadline.
in caserhag ofnTake an umbrella in case it rains.

Nuanseuon / Eithriadau

4. Geiriau cysylltu i fynegi gwrthwynebiad neu gydnabyddiaeth

Mynegi gwrthwynebiad

GairCyfieithiadEnghraifft
butondHe is rich, but he is not happy.
howeverfodd bynnag / serch hynnyI like the city; however, I prefer the countryside.
yeteto / serch hynnyIt seemed easy at first, yet it turned out complicated.
neverthelessserch hynny / etoThey lost the match; nevertheless, they played bravely.
nonethelessserch hynny / etoIt’s raining; nonetheless, we decided to go hiking.
stilleto / serch hynnyShe apologized; still, he remained upset.
whereastra bo / tra bodShe loves jazz, whereas her brother prefers rock music.
whiletra bo / tra bodWhile I like sweets, I try to eat healthy.
on the other handar y llaw arallThe city is noisy; on the other hand, it’s very vibrant.

Mynegi cydnabyddiaeth

GairCyfieithiadEnghraifft
althougher fod / erAlthough it was late, we kept studying.
even thoughhyd yn oed os / er fodShe won even though she was injured.
thougher / er bodThough it was difficult, he managed to finish on time.
despiteer gwaethafDespite the rain, they continued their trip.
in spite ofer gwaethafIn spite of her fear, she gave a great speech.
even ifhyd yn oed osWe will go out even if it starts raining later.

Nuanseuon / Eithriadau

5. Geiriau cysylltu i fynegi pwrpas

GairCyfieithiadEnghraifft
toer mwyn / iHe works hard to achieve his dreams.
in order toer mwynShe left early in order to catch the first train.
so as toer mwynWe must prepare everything so as to avoid any delay.
so thatfel bod / fel yTurn down the music so that the neighbors won’t complain.
in order thater mwyn iWe set up a meeting in order that everyone can participate.

Nuanseuon / Eithriadau

6. Geiriau cysylltu i roi enghreifftiau neu egluro

GairCyfieithiadEnghraifft
for exampleer enghraifftSome countries, for example, Italy, are famous for their cuisine.
for instanceer enghraifftThere are many social networks; for instance, TikTok and Instagram.
such asfel / megisHe likes outdoor activities such as hiking and kayaking.
likefelShe enjoys sports like football and basketball.
e.g.(exempli gratia)You should eat more fruits (e.g., apples, bananas, oranges).
specificallyyn benodolShe focuses on sustainable energy, specifically solar power.
to illustratei ddangosTo illustrate, let’s look at last year’s revenue figures.

Nuanseuon / Eithriadau

7. Geiriau cysylltu i grynhoi neu gloi

GairCyfieithiadEnghraifft
in conclusioni gloi / yn y casgliadIn conclusion, both methods can be effective.
to sum upi grynhoiTo sum up, we need more resources to complete this project.
in summaryyn gryno / i grynhoiIn summary, we’ve covered all the major points.
all in allar y cyfan / yn gyffredinolAll in all, it was a successful event.
overallyn gyffredinol / ar y cyfanOverall, the feedback has been positive.
to concludei gloiTo conclude, let’s review the final recommendations.
brieflyyn fyr / yn fyr iawnBriefly, the test results are better than expected.
in shortyn fyrIn short, we need a better strategy.

Nuanseuon / Eithriadau

Casgliad

Mae cysylltwyr yn hanfodol ar gyfer strwythuro brawddegau yn Saesneg. Maent yn gwneud y canlyniad yn gliriach, yn llyfnach ac yn fwy rhesymegol. Yn yr TOEIC®, mae dealltwriaeth gadarn o gysylltwyr yn allweddol, yn enwedig yn yr adran Reading, lle maent yn helpu i ddeall y cysylltiadau rhesymegol rhwng syniadau, ac yn yr adran Listening, lle maent yn eich helpu i ddilyn llif sgwrs neu araith.

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