Cwrs ar ferfau â gronynnau - Paratoi TOEIC®
Mae berf â gronyn (hefyd gelwir yn « phrasal verb ») yn berf y caiff gair bach ei ychwanegu ato (yn aml up, out, in, off, on, over, away, ac ati). Er enghraifft, mae « to look » yn golygu « edrych », ond mae « to look after » yn golygu « gofalu am / gwarchod » ac mae « to look up to » yn golygu « edmygu ».
Mae'r gronynnau hyn yn chwarae rôl hanfodol: gallant naill ai newid ystyr y ferf yn llwyr, neu roi naws benodol iddi. Dyma enghraifft nodweddiadol:
- To break : torri
- To break down : torri i lawr / chwalu (yn emosiynol)
- To break in : torri i mewn (gyda thrais)
- To break up : gwahanu (yn bennaf mewn perthynas)
1. Sut mae ffurfio ferfau â gronynnau?
Mae’r egwyddor sylfaenol yn syml: cyfunir berf gyda gronyn. Gall y gronyn fod yn
- Rhagferf (in, on, at, by, after, for, ac ati.).
- To run into someone (cyfarfod â rhywun yn ddamweiniol)
- Adverb (up, down, away, off, ac ati.).
- To sit down (eistedd i lawr)
- To go away (gadael)
Weithiau, defnyddir dwy gronyn, gan ffurfio’r hyn a elwir yn phrasal-prepositional verbs.
- To put up with something (goddef rhywbeth)
→ yma, y gronyn yw « up with ».
2. Y categori gwahanol o ferfau â gronynnau
A. Ferfau â gronyn trawsfudol ac antrawsfudol
- Trawsfudol (Transitif): Mae angen ategyn gwrthrychol (uniongyrchol neu anuniongyrchol).
- To put out a fire (diffodd tân) → "a fire" yw’r ategyn gwrthrychol.
- To hand in a paper (cyflwyno gwaith cartref) → “a paper” yw’r ategyn.
- Antrawsfudol (Intransitif): Nid oes angen ategyn gwrthrychol.
- To break down (torri i lawr, chwalu) → dim ategyn penodol.
- To go away (mynd i ffwrdd) → does dim byd yn dilyn y ferf yn uniongyrchol.
COD (Direct Object, Gwrthrych Uniongyrchol): mae’n ategu’r ferf yn uniongyrchol, heb rhagferf. Gellir ei ganfod trwy ofyn “beth?” neu “pwy?” ar ôl y ferf. → Rwy’n bwyta afal. → Rwy’n bwyta BETH? afal
COI (Indirect Object, Gwrthrych Anuniongyrchol): mae’n ategu’r ferf gyda rhagferf (i, o, am, gan, ac ati). Gellir ei ganfod trwy ofyn “i beth?”, “i bwy?”, “o beth?”, ac ati. → Rwy’n siarad â fy ffrind. → Rwy’n siarad  PHWY? â fy ffrind.
Eithriad gyda rhagenwau
Os yw’r ategyn yn rhagenw, DYLID ei osod rhwng y ferf a’r gronyn bob amser.
- ✅ I turned it off.
❌ I turned off it. - ✅ She picked him up.
❌ She picked up him. - ✅ Can you put it on?
❌ Can you put on it?
B. Ferfau â gronyn y gellir eu gwahanu neu na ellir eu gwahanu (ar gyfer ferfau trawsfudol)
- Gellir eu gwahanu (Separable): Gellir rhoi’r ategyn rhwng y ferf a’r gronyn neu ar ôl y gronyn.
- To turn off the light = To turn the light off
“off” gellir ei roi ar ôl “light” neu’n syth ar ôl “turn”. - Turn off the TV = Turn the TV off
(diffodd y teledu) - Pick up the phone = Pick the phone up
(codi’r ffôn)
- To turn off the light = To turn the light off
- Na ellir eu gwahanu (Inseparable): Ni ellir rhoi’r ategyn rhwng y ferf a’r gronyn. Rhaid iddo bob amser ddod ar ôl y gronyn.
- To look after someone
(gofalu am rywun)- Ni ellir dweud “To look someone after”.
- Dywedwch bob tro: “I look after my nephew every weekend”.
- To look after someone
C. Ferfau â dwy gronyn (phrasal-prepositional verbs)
Mae rhai ferfau yn cyfuno dwy gronyn, ac mae’n RHAID rhoi’r ategyn bob amser ar ôl:
- To put up with something (goddef)
- I can’t put up with the noise anymore!
- To look forward to something (edrych ymlaen at)
- I’m looking forward to the holidays.
- To get on with someone (cyd-fynd â rhywun)
- He gets on with his new colleagues really well.
4. Ystyr llythrennol vs. ystyr trosiadol
Gall ferfau â gronynnau fod ag ystyr llythrennol, sy’n agos at ystyr y gronyn, neu ystyr trosiadol sy’n wahanol iawn i ystyr y ferf wreiddiol. Dyna pam mae’n hollbwysig dysgu’r ferfau hyn yn unigol a medru’r rhai mwyaf cyffredin.
- Ystyr agos at y ferf a’r gronyn:
- To come in : dod i mewn (ystyr uniongyrchol: “dod” + “i mewn”)
- To go out : mynd allan (yr un resymeg: “mynd” + “allan”)
- Ystyr trosiadol (nid bob amser yn rhagweladwy):
- To bring up a topic : codi pwnc, ei gyflwyno mewn sgwrs
- To bring up a child : magu plentyn
- To give up : rhoi’r gorau i, stopio gwneud rhywbeth
- To make up a story : dyfeisio stori, dweud celwydd
- To take off : cychwyn hedfan (am awyren), neu hyd yn oed cael llwyddiant mawr
- His career took off suddenly.
5. Rhestr o ferfau â gronyn cyffredin
Dyma drosolwg o rai ferfau â gronyn sy’n cael eu defnyddio’n aml:
| Phrasal Verb | Ystyr | Enghraifft |
|---|---|---|
| Get up | Codi | I get up at 7 AM every day. |
| Wake up | Deffro | He wakes up late on weekends. |
| Put on | Gwisgo (dillad) | She put on her jacket before going out. |
| Take off | Tynnu (dillad) / Cychwyn hedfan | She took off her shoes. / The plane took off at 9 AM. |
| Look for | Chwilio am | I’m looking for my keys. |
| Look after | Gofalu am | I look after my younger brother when my parents are away. |
| Look up to | Edmygu | I look up to my mother; she’s my role model. |
| Look forward to | Edrych ymlaen at | I’m looking forward to my birthday party. |
| Turn on / Turn off | Troi ymlaen / Troi i ffwrdd | Could you turn on the lights? / Turn off the TV, please. |
| Pick up | Casglu / Cyrraedd / Dysgu | Pick up your clothes. / I’ll pick you up at 8 PM. / He picked up Spanish. |
| Give up | Rhoi’r gorau i | I will never give up on my dreams. |
| Bring up | Magu plentyn / Codi pwnc | She was brought up by her grandparents. / He brought up the issue at the meeting. |
| Catch up (with) | Dal i fyny (â rhywun/rhywbeth) / Cael gafael ar y diwedd | I need to catch up on my reading. / You go ahead; I’ll catch up with you later. |
| Carry on | Parhau | Carry on with your work. |
| Run into | Cwrdd â rhywun yn ddamweiniol | I ran into an old friend at the supermarket. |
| Hold on | Aros / Peidio â cholli | Please hold on, I’ll check the information. |
| Find out | Darganfod, dysgu gwybodaeth | I found out that he had moved to another city. |
| Work out | Datrys problem / Ymarfer corff | We need to work out a better strategy. / I work out at the gym three times a week. |
| Throw away | Taflu | Don’t throw away the receipts; you might need them. |
| Sort out | Datrys problem, trefnu | We need to sort out this issue before the deadline. |
| Give in | Ymostwng, ildio | He finally gave in to the pressure. |
| Call off | Canslo | They called off the meeting due to bad weather. |
| Break down | Torri i lawr / Chwalu’n emosiynol | My car broke down on the highway. / She broke down in tears. |
| Break up | Gwahanu | They broke up after five years together. |
| Set up | Sefydlu, sefydlu | They set up a new company last year. |
| Put up with | Goddef | I can’t put up with this noise anymore. |
| Take over | Cymryd rheolaeth | The company was taken over by a competitor. |
| Back up | Gwneud copi wrth gefn / Cefnogi | You should back up your files. / He backed up his friend during the argument. |
| Come across | Dod ar draws, darganfod | I came across an interesting article online. |
| Hang up | Rhoi’r ffôn i lawr | She hung up before I could say goodbye. |
| Go over | Adolygu, archwilio | Let’s go over the details before the presentation. |
| Turn down | Gwrthod | He turned down the job offer. |
| Bring in | Dod i mewn, cyflwyno | The company brought in new regulations last month. |
| Run out of | Ddiffyg / Ddim ar ôl | We ran out of milk this morning. |
| Show up | Cyrraedd, ymddangos | He showed up late to the meeting. |
| Make up | Dyfeisio / Cymodi | He made up an excuse. / They made up after the argument. |
| Go through | Mynd drwy, profi rhywbeth | She went through a tough time last year. |
| Drop in | Galw heibio | She dropped in to say hello. |
| Fall through | Methu, peidio â digwydd | Our vacation plans fell through due to bad weather. |
| Get in touch | Cysylltu â | I need to get in touch with my lawyer. |
| Keep up with | Cadw i fyny â’r cyflymder, aros ar y lefel | He walks so fast I can’t keep up with him. |
| Look up | Chwilio gwybodaeth (mewn geiriadur, ar y We) | I looked up the meaning of the word online. |
| Make up for | Iddymuno, gwneud iawn am rhywbeth | She tried to make up for her mistake by apologizing. |
| Narrow down | Lleihau, culhau rhestr o opsiynau | We need to narrow down the candidates to three finalists. |
| Own up to | Cyfaddef, cyfaddefu | He owned up to breaking the vase. |
| Step down | Ymddeol, camu i lawr o swydd | The CEO decided to step down after ten years in office. |
Casgliad
Mae ferfau â gronynnau yn rhan hanfodol o fedru Saesneg bob dydd, ac maent yn gyffredin iawn yn TOEIC® Reading a Listening. Er y gallant fod yn anodd i ddeall ar y dechrau oherwydd eu hystyr lluosog a’u strwythur cymhleth (gellir eu gwahanu neu beidio, trawsfudol neu antrawsfudol), gyda ymarfer byddwch yn gallu eu hadnabod ac eu defnyddio’n naturiol.