Kursus om forbindelsesord - Forberedelse til TOEIC®
Forbindelsesord, også kaldet « linking words» eller « connectors », bruges til at forbinde idéer og gøre en tekst eller tale mere flydende. I dette kursus gennemgår vi de vigtigste typer af forbindelsesord, opdelt i kategorier.
1. Forbindelsesord til at tilføje eller opregne idéer
Disse ord bruges til at introducere ny information, udbygge en idé eller strukturere punkter i en logisk rækkefølge (kronologisk eller efter betydning).
| Ord | Oversættelse | Eksempel |
|---|---|---|
| and | og | I like watching movies and reading books. |
| also | også | She works as a teacher; she also does volunteer work on weekends. |
| as well | ligeledes / også | He's a talented singer as well as a skilled guitarist. |
| in addition | desuden / yderligere | She speaks Spanish. In addition, she understands French. |
| moreover | desuden / yderligere | He was late. Moreover, he didn’t bring his notes. |
| furthermore | desuden / yderligere | We have no time. Furthermore, we lack the necessary equipment. |
| besides | desuden / i øvrigt | I don’t like horror films. Besides, they scare me. |
| first / firstly | først / for det første | First, let me introduce the main topic of the meeting. |
| second / secondly | for det andet | Second, we will examine the results of the survey. |
| third / thirdly | for det tredje | Third, we’ll compare these results to last year’s data. |
| next | derefter / næste | Next, we need to analyze the data in more detail. |
| then | så / derefter | Then, we’ll move on to the final discussion. |
| finally | til sidst / endelig | Finally, we’ll summarize our conclusions. |
| lastly | afslutningsvis | Lastly, we should thank everyone for their contributions. |
| last but not least | sidst men ikke mindst | Last but not least, let’s address the financial aspect. |
Nuancer / Undtagelser
- « And » er det mest grundlæggende forbindelsesord. Det forbinder blot to elementer eller idéer.
- « Beside(s) » kan betyde « ved siden af » som en præposition (fx "The phone is beside the lamp."), men som forbindelsesord betyder « besides » « desuden / i øvrigt ».
- Former som first/firstly, second/secondly osv. er udskiftelige, men formen med « -ly » anses nogle gange for at være mere formel.
2. Forbindelsesord til at udtrykke årsag og konsekvens
Disse angiver hvorfor noget sker (årsag) og hvad resultatet er (konsekvens).
Udtrykke årsag
| Ord | Oversættelse | Eksempel |
|---|---|---|
| because | fordi | I stayed home because it was raining heavily. |
| since | da / eftersom | Since you’re here early, let’s start the meeting now. |
| as | da / eftersom | As I was busy, I couldn’t attend the conference. |
| due to | på grund af | The game was canceled due to bad weather. |
| owing to | på grund af | Owing to the traffic, we arrived late. |
Udtrykke konsekvens
| Ord | Oversættelse | Eksempel |
|---|---|---|
| so | så / derfor | It was raining, so I took an umbrella. |
| therefore | derfor / følgelig | She didn’t study; therefore, she failed the exam. |
| thus | således / altså | He saved money; thus, he could afford a new car. |
| as a result | som resultat / derfor | Sales increased. As a result, the company hired more staff. |
| consequently | følgelig / som resultat | The project failed. Consequently, they lost their funding. |
| hence | derfor / følgelig | He was the best performer; hence, his rapid promotion. |
Nuancer / Undtagelser
- « So » er meget almindeligt i talesprog.
- « Therefore », « thus », « consequently » og « hence » bruges ofte i en mere formel eller skriftlig sammenhæng.
- « Due to » og « owing to » bruges foran et substantiv eller en gerundium.
- The cancellation of the event was due to bad weather.
- Owing to arriving late, he missed the beginning of the movie.
3. Forbindelsesord til at udtrykke betingelse
| Ord | Oversættelse | Eksempel |
|---|---|---|
| if | hvis / såfremt | If it rains, we’ll stay home. |
| unless | medmindre | I won’t go out unless you come with me. |
| provided (that) | forudsat at | I’ll lend you the book provided (that) you give it back soon. |
| providing (that) | forudsat at | We’ll succeed providing (that) we all work together. |
| as long as | så længe / hvis blot | You can stay out as long as you call me if you need anything. |
| on condition that | på betingelse af at | He will sign the contract on condition that we respect the deadline. |
| in case | i tilfælde af / hvis nu | Take an umbrella in case it rains. |
Nuancer / Undtagelser
- « Unless » betyder « medmindre », så sætningen udtrykker en implicit benægtelse.
- « I won't go unless... » = « Jeg går ikke, medmindre... »
- « Provided (that) » og « providing (that) » er ofte udskiftelige, men « provided that » er mere almindelig i formelle sammenhænge.
4. Forbindelsesord til at udtrykke modsætning eller indrømmelse
Udtrykke modsætning
| Ord | Oversættelse | Eksempel |
|---|---|---|
| but | men | He is rich, but he is not happy. |
| however | dog / alligevel | I like the city; however, I prefer the countryside. |
| yet | dog / alligevel | It seemed easy at first, yet it turned out complicated. |
| nevertheless | ikke desto mindre | They lost the match; nevertheless, they played bravely. |
| nonetheless | ikke desto mindre | It’s raining; nonetheless, we decided to go hiking. |
| still | stadig / dog | She apologized; still, he remained upset. |
| whereas | mens / hvorimod | She loves jazz, whereas her brother prefers rock music. |
| while | mens | While I like sweets, I try to eat healthy. |
| on the other hand | på den anden side | The city is noisy; on the other hand, it’s very vibrant. |
Udtrykke indrømmelse
| Ord | Oversættelse | Eksempel |
|---|---|---|
| although | selv om | Although it was late, we kept studying. |
| even though | selv om / på trods af | She won even though she was injured. |
| though | selv om / på trods af | Though it was difficult, he managed to finish on time. |
| despite | på trods af | Despite the rain, they continued their trip. |
| in spite of | på trods af | In spite of her fear, she gave a great speech. |
| even if | selv hvis | We will go out even if it starts raining later. |
Nuancer / Undtagelser
- « But » er det enkleste og mest almindelige ord for direkte modsætning.
- « Though » kan stå til sidst i en uformel sætning.
- I’m not sure, though.
- « Despite » og « in spite of » efterfølges af et substantiv eller en gerundium.
- Despite the rain, they continued playing.
- In spite of having no experience, he got the job.
5. Forbindelsesord til at udtrykke formål
| Ord | Oversættelse | Eksempel |
|---|---|---|
| to | for at / for | He works hard to achieve his dreams. |
| in order to | for at / for | She left early in order to catch the first train. |
| so as to | for at / for | We must prepare everything so as to avoid any delay. |
| so that | så / for at | Turn down the music so that the neighbors won’t complain. |
| in order that | så / for at | We set up a meeting in order that everyone can participate. |
Nuancer / Undtagelser
- « To » er den mest enkle måde at udtrykke formål på, og bruges typisk foran en infinitiv.
- « So that » og « in order that » indleder ofte en sætning med subjekt og verbum.
- I explained it clearly so that everyone could understand.
6. Forbindelsesord til at give eksempler eller illustrere
| Ord | Oversættelse | Eksempel |
|---|---|---|
| for example | for eksempel | Some countries, for example, Italy, are famous for their cuisine. |
| for instance | for eksempel | There are many social networks; for instance, TikTok and Instagram. |
| such as | såsom / for eksempel | He likes outdoor activities such as hiking and kayaking. |
| like | som / ligesom | She enjoys sports like football and basketball. |
| e.g. | (exempli gratia) | You should eat more fruits (e.g., apples, bananas, oranges). |
| specifically | specifikt | She focuses on sustainable energy, specifically solar power. |
| to illustrate | for at illustrere | To illustrate, let’s look at last year’s revenue figures. |
Nuancer / Undtagelser
- « Such as » og « like » efterfølges typisk af konkrete eksempler.
- « e.g. » er en latinsk forkortelse, som primært bruges i formelle eller akademiske sammenhænge, ofte i parentes.
- « For example » og « for instance » bruges udskifteligt til at give et eksempel.
7. Forbindelsesord til at opsummere eller konkludere
| Ord | Oversættelse | Eksempel |
|---|---|---|
| in conclusion | som konklusion / afslutningsvis | In conclusion, both methods can be effective. |
| to sum up | for at opsummere | To sum up, we need more resources to complete this project. |
| in summary | sammenfattende / kort sagt | In summary, we’ve covered all the major points. |
| all in all | alt i alt / samlet set | All in all, it was a successful event. |
| overall | overordnet / samlet set | Overall, the feedback has been positive. |
| to conclude | for at afslutte | To conclude, let’s review the final recommendations. |
| briefly | kortfattet / hurtigt | Briefly, the test results are better than expected. |
| in short | kort sagt | In short, we need a better strategy. |
Nuancer / Undtagelser
- « In conclusion » og « to conclude » bruges i en mere formel sammenhæng.
- « All in all » og « in short » er en smule mere uformelle og bruges ofte i talesprog.
Konklusion
Forbindelsesord er essentielle for at strukturere sætninger på engelsk. De gør sproget mere klart, mere flydende og mere logisk. I TOEIC® er et solidt kendskab til forbindelsesord afgørende, især i Reading-delen, hvor de hjælper med at forstå de logiske forbindelser mellem idéer, samt i Listening-delen, hvor de gør det lettere at følge med i samtaler eller taler.