Cúrsa ar na comparáidí i mBéarla - Ullmhúchán TOEIC®
Úsáidtear an comparáid chun dhá eilimint a chur i gcomparáid, agus a rá go bhfuil tréith áirithe níos mó, níos lú, nó chomh... le in ceann amháin ná sa cheann eile. Athraíonn an tógáil de réir fad agus cineál an adjektiv a úsáidtear.
1. Dhá rud a chur i gcomparáid le adjektiví gearra
Meastar gur adjektiv gearr é nuair atá sé comhdhéanta de:
- sillab amháin (small, big, tall).
- dhá sillab a chríochnaíonn ar -y (happy, easy, funny).
Seo é an riail chun comparáid a dhéanamh le adjektiví gearra:
A. Má tá adjektiv sillab amháin aige
Chun comparáid níos airde a dhéanamh, cuirtear "er" leis, agus ina dhiaidh sin "than".
| Cineál adjektiv | Comparáid níos airde | Comparáid níos ísle | Comparáid comhionann |
|---|---|---|---|
| tall (ard) | taller than (níos airde ná) Tom is taller than his brother. (Tá Tom níos airde ná a dheartháir.) | less tall than (níos lú airde ná) Tom is less tall than Mike. (Tá Tom níos lú airde ná Mike.) | as tall as (chomh hard le) Tom is as tall as his father. (Tá Tom chomh hard lena athair.) |
| fast (tapa) | faster than (níos tapúla ná) The new car is faster than the old one. (Tá an carr nua níos tapúla ná an seancheann.) | less fast than (níos lú tapúla ná) This bike is less fast than my car. (Tá an rothar seo níos lú tapúla ná mo charr.) | as fast as (chomh tapa le) This train is as fast as the other one. (Tá an traein seo chomh tapa leis an gceann eile.) |
| short (gearr) | shorter than (níos giorra ná) This road is shorter than the other one. (Tá an bóthar seo níos giorra ná an ceann eile.) | less short than (níos lú gearr ná) This book is less short than the previous one. (Tá an leabhar seo níos lú gearr ná an ceann roimhe seo.) | as short as (chomh gearr le) This speech is as short as the last one. (Tá an óráid seo chomh gearr leis an gceann deiridh.) |
B. Má tá adjektiv sillab amháin aige agus críochnaíonn sé le consan
Le haghaidh adjektiví gearra le sillab amháin a chríochnaíonn le struchtúr consan + guta + consan, déantar an consan deireanach a dhúbailt sula gcuirtear "er" leis.
| Adjektiv gearr | Comparáid níos airde | Comparáid níos ísle | Comparáid comhionann |
|---|---|---|---|
| big (mór) | bigger than (níos mó ná) This sofa is bigger than the one in the other room. (Tá an tolg seo níos mó ná an ceann sa seomra eile.) | less big than (níos lú mó ná) This apartment is less big than my house. (Tá an t-árasán seo níos lú mó ná mo theach.) | as big as (chomh mór le) This dog is as big as a wolf. (Tá an madra seo chomh mór le mac tíre.) |
| hot (te) | hotter than (níos teo ná) Today is hotter than yesterday. (Tá sé níos teo inniu ná inné.) | less hot than (níos lú teo ná) This summer is less hot than last year. (Tá an samhradh seo níos lú teo ná anuraidh.) | as hot as (chomh te le) The tea is as hot as coffee. (Tá an tae chomh te leis an gcaife.) |
| thin (caol) | thinner than (níos caola ná) She looks thinner than last year. (Tá sí níos caola ná anuraidh.) | less thin than (níos lú caol ná) This paper is less thin than the one before. (Tá an páipéar seo níos lú caol ná an ceann roimhe.) | as thin as (chomh caol le) This model is as thin as her colleague. (Tá an samhail seo chomh caol lena comhghleacaí.) |
C. Má tá dhá sillab ag adjektiv agus críochnaíonn sé ar -y
Le haghaidh adjektiví le dhá sillab a chríochnaíonn ar "-y", athraítear “y” go “i”, ansin cuirtear “er” agus “than” leis.
- happy → happier than (níos áthasaí ná)
- She looks happier than yesterday.
(Tá sí níos áthasaí ná inné.)
- She looks happier than yesterday.
- easy → easier than (níos éasca ná)
- This exercise is easier than the previous one.
(Tá an cleachtadh seo níos éasca ná an ceann roimhe.)
- This exercise is easier than the previous one.
- funny → funnier than (níos greannmhaire ná)
- This comedian is funnier than the one we saw last week.
(Tá an greannóir seo níos greannmhaire ná an ceann a chonaic muid an tseachtain seo caite.)
- This comedian is funnier than the one we saw last week.
| Adjektiv gearr (-y) | Comparáid níos airde | Comparáid níos ísle | Comparáid comhionann |
|---|---|---|---|
| happy (áthasach) | happier than (níos áthasaí ná) She looks happier than yesterday. (Tá sí níos áthasaí ná inné.) | less happy than (níos lú áthasaí ná) He is less happy than before. (Tá sé níos lú áthasaí ná roimhe.) | as happy as (chomh áthasach le) She is as happy as her sister. (Tá sí chomh áthasach lena deirfiúr.) |
| easy (éasca) | easier than (níos éasca ná) This exercise is easier than the previous one. (Tá an cleachtadh seo níos éasca ná an ceann roimhe.) | less easy than (níos lú éasca ná) This test is less easy than the last one. (Tá an tástáil seo níos lú éasca ná an ceann deiridh.) | as easy as (chomh éasca le) The exam was as easy as I expected. (Bhí an scrúdú chomh éasca leis mar a cheap mé.) |
| funny (greannmhar) | funnier than (níos greannmhaire ná) This comedian is funnier than the one we saw last week. (Tá an greannóir seo níos greannmhaire ná an ceann a chonaic muid an tseachtain seo caite.) | less funny than (níos lú greannmhar ná) The movie was less funny than I thought. (Bhí an scannán níos lú greannmhar ná mar a cheap mé.) | as funny as (chomh greannmhar le) This show is as funny as the last one. (Tá an seó seo chomh greannmhar leis an gceann deireanach.) |
2. Dhá rud a chur i gcomparáid le adjektiví fada
Meastar gur adjektiv “fada” é amháin más dhá sillab nó níos mó atá ann agus ní chríochnaíonn sé ar “-y” (mar shampla: important, expensive, comfortable).
| Adjektiv fada | Comparáid níos airde | Comparáid níos ísle | Comparáid comhionann |
|---|---|---|---|
| expensive (daor) | more expensive than (níos daoire ná) This car is more expensive than that one. (Tá an carr seo níos daoire ná an ceann sin.) | less expensive than (níos lú daor ná) This phone is less expensive than the latest model. (Tá an fón seo níos lú daor ná an tsamhail is déanaí.) | as expensive as (chomh daor le) This hotel is as expensive as the one in Paris. (Tá an t-óstán seo chomh daor leis an gceann i bPáras.) |
| beautiful (álainn) | more beautiful than (níos áille ná) This painting is more beautiful than the one in the hallway. (Tá an pictiúr seo níos áille ná an ceann sa halla.) | less beautiful than (níos lú áille ná) This dress is less beautiful than the red one. (Tá an gúna seo níos lú áille ná an ceann dearg.) | as beautiful as (chomh álainn le) This garden is as beautiful as the one in Versailles. (Tá an gairdín seo chomh álainn leis an gceann i Versailles.) |
| comfortable (compordach) | more comfortable than (níos compordaí ná) This sofa is more comfortable than the chair. (Tá an tolg seo níos compordaí ná an chathaoir.) | less comfortable than (níos lú compordach ná) This bed is less comfortable than mine. (Tá an leaba seo níos lú compordach ná mo cheann.) | as comfortable as (chomh compordach le) This hotel room is as comfortable as my bedroom. (Tá an seomra óstáin seo chomh compordach le mo sheomra codlata.) |
3. Na adjektiví neamhrialta sa chomparáid
Tá adjektiví áirithe ann a bhfuil foirmeacha comparáideacha agus sárchéimeacha neamhrialta acu nach leanann na rialacha roimhe seo. Seo iad na cinn is coitianta:
| Adjektiv | Comparáid níos airde | Comparáid níos ísle | Comparáid comhionann |
|---|---|---|---|
| good (maith) | better than (níos fearr ná) This book is better than the one I read last week. (Tá an leabhar seo níos fearr ná an ceann a léigh mé an tseachtain seo caite.) | less good than (níos lú maith ná) This restaurant is less good than the one we went to last time. (Tá an bialann seo níos lú maith ná an ceann a chuaigh muid ann an uair dheireanach.) | as good as (chomh maith le) This movie is as good as the original. (Tá an scannán seo chomh maith leis an mbunleagan.) |
| bad (dona) | worse than (níos measa ná) Her result is worse than mine. (Tá a toradh níos measa ná mo cheann.) | less bad than (níos lú dona ná) This option is less bad than the other one. (Tá an rogha seo níos lú dona ná an ceann eile.) | as bad as (chomh dona le) His cooking is as bad as mine. (Tá a chócaireacht chomh dona le mo cheann.) |
| far (i bhfad) | farther than (níos faide ná, le haghaidh fad fisiciúil) Paris is farther than Lyon from here. (Tá Páras níos faide ná Lyon ón áit seo.) further than (níos faide ná, le haghaidh coincheapa teibí) The situation requires further explanation. (Tá níos mó míniúcháin ag teastáil don chás.) | less far than (níos lú i bhfad ná) New York is less far than Los Angeles from here. (Tá Nua-Eabhrac níos lú i bhfad ná Los Angeles ón áit seo.) | as far as (chomh fada le) She can run as far as her brother. (Is féidir léi rith chomh fada lena deartháir.) |
| little (beag, beagán) | less than (níos lú ná) I have less time than before. (Tá níos lú ama agam ná roimhe.) | / | as little as (chomh beag le) He speaks as little as his sister. (Labhraíonn sé chomh beag lena dheirfiúr.) |
| many/much (go leor) | more than (níos mó ná) She has more friends than me. (Tá níos mó cairde aici ná mé.) This job requires more effort than the previous one. (Teastaíonn níos mó iarrachta ón bpost seo ná ón gceann roimhe.) | less than (níos lú ná) I drink less water than I should. (Ólann mé níos lú uisce ná ba chóir dom.) | as many as (chomh leor le, le haghaidh ainmfhocail ináirithe) He has as many books as his sister. (Tá an méid céanna leabhair aige agus atá ag a dheirfiúr.) as much as (chomh leor le, le haghaidh ainmfhocail neamhaithrithe) She earns as much money as her colleague. (Tuilleann sí an méid céanna airgid le a comhghleacaí.) |
4. Na cineálacha éagsúla comparáide
A. Comparáid níos ísle: « moins ... que »
Chun an comparáid níos ísle a dhéanamh, úsáidtear an struchtúr less + adjektiv + than. Baineann an riail seo le gach adjektiv, cibé fad atá ann.
- This chair is less comfortable than the armchair.
(Tá an chathaoir seo níos lú compordach ná an chathaoir uilleach.) - He is less patient than his brother.
(Tá sé níos lú foighneach ná a dheartháir.)
B. Comparáid comhionann: « aussi ... que » / « autant ... que »
Tugann an comparáid comhionann le fios go bhfuil tréith mar an gcéanna idir dhá rud.
- Le ainmfhocal: the same + ainmfhocal + as
- She bought the same dress as me.
(Cheannaigh sí an gúna céanna liom.)
- She bought the same dress as me.
- Le adjektiv: as + adjektiv + as
- The task is as difficult as I thought.
(Tá an tasc chomh deacair leis mar a cheap mé.)
- The task is as difficult as I thought.
Athruithe
Tá roinnt athruithe ann chun an comparáid comhionann a chur in iúl:
- Sa bhfoirm dhiúltach: not as ... as (≃ less ... than)
- It is not as effective as we expected.
(Níl sé chomh héifeachtach leis mar a bhí súil againn.)
- It is not as effective as we expected.
- Beagnach chomh ... le: almost / nearly as + adjektiv + as
- The project is nearly as complex as the last one.
(Tá an tionscadal beagnach chomh casta leis an gceann roimhe.)
- The project is nearly as complex as the last one.
- Chomh ... céanna le: just as + adjektiv + as
- This solution is just as practical as the first one.
(Tá an réiteach seo chomh praiticiúil leis an gcéad cheann.)
- This solution is just as practical as the first one.
- Dá oiread níos mó / leath oiread níos lú: twice / half as ... (as ...)
- This apartment is twice as big as my old one.
(Tá an t-árasán seo dhá uair chomh mór le mo sheancheann.)
- This apartment is twice as big as my old one.
- N oiread níos daoire: N times as expensive (as ...)
- This watch is five times as expensive as mine.
(Tá an faire seo cúig oiread níos daoire ná mo cheann.)
- This watch is five times as expensive as mine.
Cainníochtaí a chur i gcomparáid
Chun cainníochtaí a chur i gcomparáid, úsáidtear « as much as » le ainmfhocail neamhaithrithe agus « as many as » le ainmfhocail ináirithe.
- « As much as » le ainmfhocail neamhaithrithe:
- She earns as much money as her colleague.
(Tuilleann sí an méid céanna airgid le a comhghleacaí.) - This recipe requires as much sugar as the other one.
(Teastaíonn an méid céanna siúcra ón oideas seo agus ón gceann eile.)
- She earns as much money as her colleague.
- « As many as » le ainmfhocail ináirithe:
- He has as many responsibilities as his manager.
(Tá an méid céanna freagrachta aige agus atá ag a bhainisteoir.) - There were as many guests at the party as last year.
(Bhí an méid céanna aíonna ag an gcóisir agus a bhí anuraidh.)
- He has as many responsibilities as his manager.
C. « De réir a chéile... », « níos mó agus níos mó... »
Chun dul chun cinn nó laghdú in imeacht ama a chur in iúl, úsáidtear an struchtúr « comparáid + and + comparáid ».
- It is getting colder and colder outside.
(Tá sé ag éirí níos fuaire agus níos fuaire amuigh.) - The city is becoming more and more crowded.
(Tá an chathair ag éirí níos plódaithe agus níos plódaithe.) - He is getting less and less interested in his job.
(Tá sé ag éirí níos lú agus níos lú suim aige ina phost.)
D. « Dá níos mó..., dá níos mó... » agus « Dá níos mó..., dá níos lú... »
Chun caidreamh cúise idir dhá rud a chur in iúl, úsáidtear an struchtúr « the + comparáid, the + comparáid ».
- The healthier you eat, the better you feel.
(Dá sláintiúla a itheann tú, is ea níos fearr a mhothaíonn tú.) - The more experience you have, the easier it gets.
(Dá mhéad taithí atá agat, is ea is éasca é.) - The faster you run, the more exhausted you get.
(Dá tapúla a ritheann tú, is ea is tuirseach a éiríonn tú.)
E. Comparáid a nuachóiriú
Chun comparáid níos beaichte a chur in iúl, is féidir adverbí áirithe a chur roimh an gcomparáid, ar nós slightly, a bit, somewhat, much, far, a great deal.
- This jacket is slightly more expensive than the other one.
(Tá an seaicéad seo beagán níos daoire ná an ceann eile.) - The problem is far more complex than expected.
(Tá an fhadhb i bhfad níos casta ná mar a bhíothas ag súil.) - This laptop is a bit faster than my old one.
(Tá an ríomhaire glúine seo beagán níos tapúla ná mo sheancheann.)
Le "even" chun béim a chur
- The situation is even worse than we thought.
(Tá an scéal fós níos measa ná mar a cheapamar.)
Le "any" nó "no" chun béim ar easpa difríochta
- The new version is no better than the previous one.
(Níl an leagan nua níos fearr ná an ceann roimhe.) - We can't wait any longer for an answer.
(Ní féidir linn fanacht níos faide le freagra.)
F. Cainníochtaí a chur i gcomparáid (ainmfhocail ináirithe agus neamhaithrithe)
Chun cainníochtaí agus suimeanna a chur i gcomparáid, úsáidtear more, less, fewer, not as much as, not as many as, srl.
- Le haghaidh ainmfhocail ináirithe (fewer, more, many)
- We need to hire more employees this year.
(Caithfidh muid níos mó fostaithe a fhostú i mbliana.) - There are fewer opportunities in this industry than before.
(Tá níos lú deiseanna sa tionscal seo ná roimhe.) - She doesn’t have as many tasks as her colleague.
(Níl an oiread céanna tascanna aici agus atá ag a comhghleacaí.)
- We need to hire more employees this year.
- Le haghaidh ainmfhocail neamhaithrithe (less, more, much)
- He has more patience than I do.
(Tá níos mó foighne aige ná atá agamsa.) - We should consume less sugar.
(Ba chóir dúinn níos lú siúcra a ithe.) - We didn’t gain as much profit as last year.
(Níor ghnóthaigh muid an oiread céanna brabúis is a rinneamar anuraidh.)
- He has more patience than I do.
Conclúid
Mar fhocal scoir, tugann an comparáid i mBéarla deis duit dhá rud a chur i gcomparáid ar an gcaoi:
- Comparáid níos ísle (less ... than) chun "níos lú ná" a chur in iúl
- Comparáid comhionann (as ... as) chun "chomh céanna le" a chur in iúl
- Athruithe ar nós "beagnach chomh céanna" (almost/nearly as), "chomh céanna go hiomlán" (just as)
- Le cainníochtaí le "as much as" (ainmfhocail neamhaithrithe) agus "as many as" (ainmfhocail ináirithe)
- Dul chun cinn le "níos mó agus níos mó" (more and more) agus "níos lú agus níos lú" (less and less)
- Caidreamh cúise le "dá ... dá ..." (the... the)