Cúrsa ar an diúltú - Ullmhúchán TOEIC®
Written by William D'Andréa
Sa Bhéarla, tá diúltú i bhfad níos leithne ná an focal simplí "not". Tugann an teanga modhanna éagsúla chun abairtí diúltacha a thógáil chun níos mó nuance a chur in iúl nó béim a chur ar ghnéithe áirithe. San ábhar seo, scrúdóimid go leor adverb agus léirithe diúltacha ar nós hardly, neither, nowhere, no-one, agus níos mó fós.
Is tábhachtach a thabhairt faoi deara gur contrártha leis an bhFraincis, áit a bhfuil double négation ceart go leor uaireanta (mar shampla: « Je ne dis rien »), is botún gramadúil í sa Bhéarla. Is leor diúltú amháin chun smaoineamh diúltach a chur in iúl. Mar sin, tá "I don't know nothing" mícheart, toisc go ndéanann an double négation an abairt mí-réireach. Is í an fhoirmiú cheart ná "I don't know anything" nó "I know nothing".
1. Hardly (ar éigean, go hannamh)
-
❌ She could hardly not hear the speaker over the noise.
✅ She could hardly hear the speaker over the noise.
(Bhí sé ar éigean aici an cainteoir a chloisteáil mar gheall ar an torann.) -
❌ He has hardly never finished a project on time.
✅ He has hardly ever finished a project on time.
(Is annamh a chríochnaíonn sé tionscadal in am.)
2. Neither (ceachtar acu, ceann ar bith acu)
-
❌ Neither candidate isn't prepared for the position.
✅ Neither candidate is prepared for the position.
(Níl ceachtar den bheirt iarrthóirí réidh don phost.) -
❌ Neither Mark nor Emma didn’t accept the invitation.
✅ Neither Mark nor Emma accepted the invitation.
(Níor ghlac Mark ná Emma leis an gcuireadh.)
3. Nowhere (in aon áit)
-
❌ There isn’t nowhere better to relax than the beach.
✅ There is nowhere better to relax than the beach.
(Níl aon áit níos fearr chun scíth a ligean ná an trá.) -
❌ We didn’t find her nowhere.
✅ We searched everywhere, but we found her nowhere.
(Chuardaíomar i ngach áit, ach níor aimsíomar í in aon áit.)
4. No-one agus Nothing (duine ar bith, rud ar bith)
-
❌ No-one doesn’t enjoy working under such pressure.
✅ No-one enjoys working under such pressure.
(Ní thaitníonn obair faoi bhrú dá leithéid le duine ar bith.) -
❌ There isn’t nothing interesting on TV tonight.
✅ There’s nothing interesting on TV tonight.
(Níl aon rud suimiúil ar an teilifís anocht.)
5. Seldom, Barely, agus Rarely (go hannamh, ar éigean)
-
❌ They don’t seldom go out during the week.
✅ They seldom go out during the week.
(Téann siad amach go hannamh i rith na seachtaine.) -
❌ I didn’t barely catch the last train home.
✅ I barely caught the last train home.
(Bhí sé ar éigean agam an traein dheireanach abhaile a fháil.) -
❌ She doesn’t rarely forget her appointments.
✅ She rarely forgets her appointments.
(Is annamh a dhéanann sí dearmad ar a coinne.)
6. Few agus Little (an-bheagán)
-
❌ Not few people came to the event.
✅ Few people came to the event.
(Níor tháinig ach an-bheagán daoine chuig an ócáid.) -
❌ There isn’t little time left to complete the project.
✅ There is little time left to complete the project.
(Tá an-bheagán ama fágtha chun an tionscadal a chríochnú.)
7. Unless (mura)
- ❌ I won’t go to the party unless you don’t come with me
✅ I won’t go to the party unless you come with me.
(Ní rachaidh mé chuig an gcóisir mura dtagann tú liom.)
Conclúid
Sa Bhéarla, is leor diúltú amháin chun smaoineamh diúltach a chur in iúl. Meastar gur botún gramadúil í an double négation. Tá na difríochtaí seo thar a bheith tábhachtach, mar tá siad le feiceáil go minic in aistí tuisceana agus gramadaí sa scrúdú TOEIC®.
