Cúrsa ar Léiriú na nCumais i mBéarla - Ullmhúchán TOEIC®
I mBéarla, tá sé tábhachtach a bheith in ann a rá cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh, cad nach féidir leat a dhéanamh, nó cad a d'éirigh leat a dhéanamh sa stair. Múineann an caibidil seo conas focail mar can, could, agus be able to a úsáid, mar aon le frásaí eile úsáideacha chun labhairt faoi chumas nó rath.
1. « Can » chun cumas a léiriú (sa lá atá inniu ann)
Is é an modal can an modh is coitianta chun an cumas sa lá atá inniu ann a léiriú. Tá sé éasca le húsáid agus ní gá é a athrú don tríú pearsa uatha (he/she/it).
A. Conas « can » a úsáid?
| Foirm | Struchtúr | Sampla |
|---|---|---|
| Dearfach | Ábhar + can + bunfhoirm an bhriathair | I can speak three languages. (Tá mé in ann trí theanga a labhairt.) She can drive a car. (Tá sí in ann carr a thiomáint.) |
| Diúltach | Ábhar + cannot (can't) + bunfhoirm | He can’t swim. (Níl sé in ann snámh / Ní féidir leis snámh.) They can’t come tonight. (Ní féidir leo teacht anocht: tá sé dodhéanta dóibh, nó chúis eile) |
| Ceisteach | Can + ábhar + bunfhoirm | Can you help me? (An féidir leat cabhrú liom? / An bhfuil tú in ann cabhrú liom?) Can they fix the computer? (An bhfuil siad in ann an ríomhaire a dheisiú?) |
B. Cathain ba chóir « can » a úsáid?
- Chun labhairt faoi chumas ginearálta (fisiciúil, intleachtúil, ...)
- I can lift 50 kilos.
(cumas fisiciúil) - She can solve complicated math problems.
(cumas intleachtúil)
- I can lift 50 kilos.
- Chun cead a thabhairt / údarú (mar leathnú ar an bhféidearthacht)
- You can use my phone if you want.
(smaoineamh "ceadaithe") - Sa chúrsa seo, dírímid go háirithe ar chumas, ach is féidir leat an cúrsa seo ar chead a léamh chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil.
- You can use my phone if you want.
- Chun labhairt faoi fhíric indéanta (i gcomhthéacs neamhfhoirmiúil)
- It can get really hot here in summer.
(is féidir leis a bheith an-te anseo i rith an tsamhraidh)
- It can get really hot here in summer.
C. Cathain ba chóir « can't » a úsáid?
- Chun labhairt faoi easpa cumais ginearálta (fisiciúil, intleachtúil, ...)
- I can't lift 50 kilos.
(easpa cumais fisiciúil) - She can't solve complicated math problems.
(easpa cumais intleachtúil)
- I can't lift 50 kilos.
- Chun dodhéanta loighciúil nó comhthéacsúil a léiriú
- You can't be serious!
(ní féidir sin a bheith fíor, de réir na loighce) - He can't be at home; I just saw him at the store.
(ní féidir leis a bheith sa bhaile, chonaic mé é sa siopa)
- You can't be serious!
- Chun toirmeasc a thaispeáint (i dteanga neamhfhoirmiúil)
- You can't park here.
(níl cead agat páirceáil anseo: smaoineamh toirmisc neamhfhoirmiúil) - They can't enter the building without a badge.
(níl cead acu dul isteach gan suaitheantas)
- You can't park here.
- Chun frustrachas nó teorainn a léiriú
- I can't understand this math problem.
(ní féidir liom an fhadhb mhatamataice seo a thuiscint) - She can't stop laughing.
(ní féidir léi stopadh ag gáire, teorainn phearsanta nó comhthéacsúil)
- I can't understand this math problem.
2. « Could » chun cumas sa stair (nó hipitéiseach) a léiriú
Úsáidtear an modal could go príomha chun cumas a léiriú i gcomhthéacs staire nó hipitéiseach.
A. Conas « could » a úsáid?
| Foirm | Struchtúr | Sampla |
|---|---|---|
| Dearfach | Ábhar + could + bunfhoirm | I could run very fast when I was a kid. (Nuair a bhí mé i mo pháiste, d’fhéadfainn rith go tapa) She could read when she was only four. (D’fhéadfadh sí léamh agus í ceithre) |
| Diúltach | Ábhar + could not (couldn't) + bunfhoirm | We couldn't finish the project yesterday. (Níor féidir linn an tionscadal a chríochnú inné) He couldn't find his keys. (Níor aimsigh sé a eochracha) |
| Ceisteach | Could + ábhar + bunfhoirm | Could you understand the instructions? (An raibh tú in ann na treoracha a thuiscint?) Could he play the piano as a child? (An raibh sé in ann an pianó a sheinm mar pháiste?) |
B. Cathain ba chóir « could » a úsáid?
- Cumas sa stair (ginéarálta)
- When I was young, I could climb trees easily.
(cumas rialta agus leanúnach mar pháiste)
- When I was young, I could climb trees easily.
- Cumas i gcomhthéacs hipitéiseach / coinníollach
- I could help you if I had more time.
(d'fhéadfainn cabhrú leat dá mbeadh níos mó ama agam) - They could win the match if they trained harder.
(d'fhéadfadh siad an cluiche a bhuachan dá ndéanfaidís níos mó traenála)
- I could help you if I had more time.
- Iarratas béasach / moladh (níos séimhe ná “can”)
- Could you lend me a pen?
(an bhféadfá peann a thabhairt dom, le do thoil?) - We could go to the cinema tonight.
(d'fhéadfaimis dul chuig an bpictiúrlann anocht)
- Could you lend me a pen?
C. Cathain ba chóir « couldn't » a úsáid?
- Chun labhairt faoi easpa cumais sa stair (fisiciúil, intleachtúil, ...)
- I couldn't lift 50 kilos when I was younger.
(ní raibh mé in ann 50 cileagram a ardú nuair a bhí mé níos óige) - She couldn't solve complicated math problems as a child.
(ní raibh sí in ann fadhbanna matamaitice casta a réiteach mar pháiste)
- I couldn't lift 50 kilos when I was younger.
- Chun dodhéanta loighciúil nó comhthéacsúil sa stair a léiriú
- He couldn't have been at the meeting; he was out of town.
(ní fhéadfadh sé a bheith ag an gcruinniú, bhí sé as baile) - They couldn't have finished the project so quickly.
(ní fhéadfaidís an tionscadal a chríochnú chomh tapa sin)
- He couldn't have been at the meeting; he was out of town.
- Chun toirmeasc nó diúltú sa stair a thaispeáint
- We couldn't enter the building without a badge.
(ní raibh cead againn dul isteach gan suaitheantas) - She couldn't go to the party because her parents said no.
(ní raibh sí in ann dul chuig an gcóisir, toirmisc óna tuismitheoirí)
- We couldn't enter the building without a badge.
- Chun iarracht nár éirigh léi nó easpa ratha a léiriú
- I couldn't find my keys yesterday.
(níor aimsigh mé mo eochracha inné) - They couldn't fix the computer on time.
(níor éirigh leo an ríomhaire a dheisiú in am)
- I couldn't find my keys yesterday.
- Chun easpa cumais hipitéiseach a chur in iúl
- I couldn't live without my phone.
(ní fhéadfainn maireachtáil gan mo ghuthán, i gcomhthéacs hipitéiseach) - He couldn't do that, even if he tried.
(ní fhéadfadh sé é sin a dhéanamh, fiú dá ndéanfadh sé iarracht)
- I couldn't live without my phone.
3. « Be able to » chun cumas a léiriú in aon aimsir
Murab ionann agus can agus could, is féidir be able to a úsáid in aon aimsir. Sin é an fáth a dtugtar “leath-modal” air uaireanta, seachas modal iomlán.
A. Conas « be able to » a úsáid?
Foirm bhunúsach: Ábhar + be (conjugated) + able to + bunfhoirm an bhriathair + comhlánú roghnach
-
An Láthair
Foirm Struchtúr Foirm dhearfach I am able to swim across the lake.
(Tá mé in ann an loch a thrasnú ag snámh)Foirm dhiúltach I am not able to understand this concept.
(Níl mé in ann an coincheap seo a thuiscint)Foirm cheisteach Are you able to help me with this exercise?
(An bhfuil tú in ann cabhrú liom leis an gcleachtadh seo?) -
An tAimsir Chaite
Foirm Struchtúr Foirm dhearfach We were able to contact the manager yesterday.
(D’éirigh linn dul i dteagmháil leis an mbainisteoir inné)Foirm dhiúltach We were not able to contact the manager yesterday.
(Níor éirigh linn dul i dteagmháil leis an mbainisteoir inné)Foirm cheisteach Were you able to contact the manager yesterday?
(Ar éirigh leat dul i dteagmháil leis an mbainisteoir inné?) -
An tAimsir Fháistineach
Foirm Struchtúr Foirm dhearfach She will be able to travel next month.
(Beidh sí in ann taisteal an mhí seo chugainn)Foirm dhiúltach She will not be able to travel next month.
(Ní bheidh sí in ann taisteal an mhí seo chugainn)Foirm cheisteach Will she be able to travel next month?
(An mbeidh sí in ann taisteal an mhí seo chugainn?) -
Present Perfect
Foirm Struchtúr Foirm dhearfach He has been able to improve his English a lot this year.
(D’éirigh leis a Bhéarla a fheabhsú go mór i mbliana)Foirm dhiúltach He has not been able to improve his English this year.
(Níor éirigh leis a Bhéarla a fheabhsú i mbliana)Foirm cheisteach Has he been able to improve his English this year?
(Ar éirigh leis a Bhéarla a fheabhsú i mbliana?)
B. Cathain ba chóir « be able to » a úsáid?
- Nuair nach féidir “can” nó “could” a úsáid i aimsir áirithe. Ní féidir a rá “I have can...” nó “I will can...”. Caithfear “be able to” a úsáid.
- I have been able to save some money.
_(ní “I have can save...”)
- I have been able to save some money.
- Chun béim a chur ar rath (imeacht aonuaire nó ar leith)
- We were able to solve the problem at the last minute.
(d’éirigh linn, tháinig rath orainn)
- We were able to solve the problem at the last minute.
- Chun gníomhartha sa todhchaí a chur in iúl go cinnte
- I will be able to drive next year.
(beidh mé in ann tiomáint an bhliain seo chugainn)
- I will be able to drive next year.
4. Bealaí eile chun cumas a léiriú
Cé gurb iad can, could agus be able to na cinn is coitianta, tá bealaí eile ann chun cumas nó rath a léiriú:
- Manage to + bunfhoirm an bhriathair: cuireann sé béim ar éirí leis rud a dhéanamh, in ainneoin deacrachtaí.
- I managed to fix the bike despite having no tools.
(D’éirigh liom an rothar a dheisiú cé nach raibh aon uirlisí agam)
- I managed to fix the bike despite having no tools.
- Succeed in + V-ing: cosúil le “manage to” ach níos foirmiúla. Cuireann sé béim ar rath tar éis iarrachta.
- She succeeded in persuading her boss.
(D’éirigh léi a boss a chur ina luí) - He succeeded in finishing all his tasks before the deadline.
(D’éirigh leis gach tasc a chríochnú roimh an spriocdháta)
- She succeeded in persuading her boss.
- Know how to + bunfhoirm an bhriathair: béim ar scil, eolas ar theicníc.
- He knows how to program in Python.
(Tá a fhios aige conas clárú i Python)
- He knows how to program in Python.
- Be capable of + V-ing / ainmfhocal: léiriú níos foirmiúla ar chumas.
- They are capable of solving complex problems.
(Tá siad in ann fadhbanna casta a réiteach)
- They are capable of solving complex problems.
5. Comparáidí agus raonta idir frásaí éagsúla ar chumais
Tar éis dúinn na modail agus na leath-mhodail (mar aon lena bhfoirmeacha éagsúla) a fheiceáil, déanaimis iniúchadh ar a gcuid difríochtaí agus a úsáid shubtíle.
A. « Can » vs. « Could »
- Can (an lá atá inniu ann): cumas reatha, díreach, nó cead i stíl shimplí.
- I can swim.
(Tá mé in ann snámh)
- I can swim.
- Could (stair / hipitéiseach): cumas sa stair (gnáthchumas) nó cumas coinníollach.
- I could swim when I was five.
(cumas ginearálta mar pháiste) - I could help you if I had some free time.
(cumas hipitéiseach)
- I could swim when I was five.
B. « Can » / « Could » vs. « Be able to »
Comparáid 1: Is féidir « be able to » a úsáid in aon aimsir (láithreach, caite, fáistineach, perfect, srl.), murab ionann agus « can / could »
- He has been able to find a better job.
(Present perfect)
Comparáid 2: Is minice go léiríonn “could” cumas ginearálta sa stair, agus béimíonn “was able to” ar éacht ar leith a bhaint amach ag nóiméad ar leith.
| Sampla | Raon |
|---|---|
| When I was a kid, I could climb trees. | cumas ginearálta (go minic) |
| Yesterday, I was able to climb that tall tree. | rath ar éacht ar leith, inné |
Conclúid
Seo thíos tábla achoimre a thugann léargas ginearálta ar conas cumas a léiriú i mBéarla
| Frása | Raon príomhúil | Sampla |
|---|---|---|
| can | Cumas sa lá atá inniu ann, cead neamhfhoirmiúil | I can play piano. |
| could | Cumas ginearálta sa stair nó coinníollach/hipitéiseach | I could run fast as a child. |
| be able to (am/is/are...) | Béim ar éirí leis, in aon aimsir + rath ar ócáid ar leith | I was able to contact him yesterday. |
| manage to + bunfhoirm | Rath in ainneoin constaicí | She managed to fix her car without professional help. |
| succeed in + V-ing | Rath (go minic foirmiúil) | They succeeded in saving enough money to travel. |
| know how to + bunfhoirm | Scil theicniúil nó intleachtúil | He knows how to bake perfect bread. |
| Be capable of + V-ing / ainmfhocal | Cumas foirmiúil, féidearthacht theoiriciúil | This machine is capable of processing large amounts of data. |
Na cúrsaí eile ar na modail
Chun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim faoi na modail, is féidir leat léamh ár gcúrsaí eile ar an ábhar:
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- 🔗 Cúrsa ar léiriú na dualgais don TOEIC®
- 🔗 Cúrsa ar léiriú na toirmisc don TOEIC®
- 🔗 Cúrsa ar léiriú easpa dualgais don TOEIC®
- 🔗 Cúrsa ar léiriú an chomhairle don TOEIC®
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- 🔗 Cúrsa ar léiriú na rogha agus na mianta don TOEIC®