Cúrsa ar réamhfhocail i mBéarla - Ullmhúchán TOEIC®
I mBéarla, is réamhfhocal é focal (nó grúpa focal) a bhunaíonn caidreamh idir ainmfhocal (nó pronoun) agus an chuid eile den abairt. I bhfocail eile, léiríonn sé áit, am, treo, cúis, úinéireacht, gníomhaí, srl.
- The book is on the table.
(Tugann an réamhfhocal on caidreamh idir book agus table chun an suíomh a léiriú.)
De ghnáth, cuirtear an réamhfhocal roimh an ainmfhocal nó an pronoun. Mar sin féin, i mBéarla nua-aimseartha, glacfar leis go minic abairt a chríochnú le réamhfhocal, go háirithe i gcomhrá laethúil agus roinnt frásaí idiomatacha.
- What are you looking for?
(ceist neamhfhoirmiúil, ceadaítear an réamhfhocal ag deireadh na habairte) - This is the house in which I grew up.
(foirm níos foirmiúla, seachnaíonn an réamhfhocal ag deireadh)
1. Réamhfhocail Áite
Tugann réamhfhocail áite le fios cá bhfuil duine nó rud sa spás.
| Réamhfhocal | Brí | Sampla |
|---|---|---|
| in | Laistigh de | She is in the room. |
| on | Ar dhromchla | The book is on the table. |
| at | Ag pointe cruinn | We met at the bus stop. |
| above | Os cionn gan teagmháil | The painting is above the fireplace. |
| over | Os cionn le clúdach | She put a blanket over the baby. |
| below | Faoi (gan teagmháil) | The temperature is below zero. |
| under | Faoi (teagmháil indéanta) | The shoes are under the bed. |
| beneath | Faoi (stíl liteartha) | He hid the letter beneath his pillow. |
| between | Idir dhá rud | She sat between her two friends. |
| among | I measc go leor rudaí | He was among the crowd. |
| amid | I lár (stíl foirmiúil) | They remained calm amid the chaos. |
| inside | Taobh istigh | She is inside the house. |
| outside | Taobh amuigh | He waited outside the building. |
| near | Gar do | The school is near the park. |
| next to | In aice le | She sat next to me. |
| beside | In aice le (comhchiallach) | He placed his bag beside the chair. |
| by | In aice le | The house is by the river. |
| adjacent to | In aice le | The café is adjacent to the bookstore. |
| behind | Taobh thiar de | The car is behind the truck. |
| in front of | Os comhair | He stood in front of the mirror. |
| before | Roimh (ord nó ama) | She arrived before noon. |
| underneath | Faoi (níos folaithe ná 'under') | The keys were underneath the papers. |
| opposite | Os comhair | The restaurant is opposite the cinema. |
| within | Taobh istigh de theorainn | The package will arrive within two days. |
| without | Gan | He left without his keys. |
| against | In aghaidh dromchla | She leaned against the wall. |
| alongside | Parlaileach le, ar feadh | The ship sailed alongside the coast. |
« In » - « on » - « at »
-
Úsáidtear « in » chun labhairt faoi spás dúnta nó ceantar geografach. Leagann sé béim ar shuíomh laistigh de dhromchla shainithe.
- She is in the kitchen.
- They live in France.
- The keys are in my pocket.
-
Úsáidtear « on » chun labhairt faoi dhromchla réidh nó dromchla a fheictear mar sin. Léiríonn sé teagmháil leis an dromchla go minic.
- The book is on the table.
- He sat on the bench.
- Her picture is on the wall.
-
Úsáidtear « at » chun pointe cruinn a chur in iúl san spás. Léiríonn sé suíomh sainiúil gan béim ar laistigh nó ar dhromchla.
- I will meet you at the bus stop.
- She is at the entrance.
- Let's meet at the restaurant.
Finer Points between « in », « on », « at »
- « At » dírithe ar phointe cruinn, suíomh beacht (ex. at school, at home)
- « In » do spás dúnta nó ceantar níos mó (ex. in the room, in the house)
- « On » béim ar teagmháil dhromchla nó suíomh ar phlána (ex. on the table, on the floor)
Cásanna Speisialta: In the car / On the bus / On the train
- Úsáidtear « in » don charr, mar is spás níos dunda agus pearsanta é.
- I’m in the car.
- Úsáidtear « on » don bhus, traein, eitleán, bád, mar is féidir bogadh laistigh díobh agus tá smaoineamh ar iompar poiblí.
- She is on the bus.
« Above » - « over »
Is féidir le « Above » agus « Over » an chiall « os cionn » a thabhairt, ach:
- Úsáidtear « Above » de ghnáth gan teagmháil dhíreach nó clúdach idir an dá rud.
- The painting hangs above the fireplace.
(gan teagmháil, díreach os cionn)
- The painting hangs above the fireplace.
- Féadfaidh « Over » le fios a chur ar ghluaiseacht os cionn rud nó clúdach rud éigin.
- He put a blanket over the baby.
(clúdaíonn an blaincéad an leanbh)
- He put a blanket over the baby.
« Below » - « under » - « beneath »
Is ionann « Below », « under » agus « beneath » agus « faoi », ach:
- Is é « Under » an ceann is coitianta chun rud a chur faoi rud eile.
- The cat is under the table.
- Úsáidtear « Below » go príomha nuair atá dífheacht ingearach nó chun suíomh níos ísle i dtéacs/diagrams a chur in iúl.
- The temperature is below zero.
- Is stíl níos liteartha nó foirmiúil é « Beneath », agus féadfaidh sé briathar figiúrtha a bheith aige freisin (ex. beneath one’s dignity).
- He hid the letter beneath his pillow.
« Between » - « among » - « amid »
- Ciallaíonn « Between » go bhfuil rud idir dhá rud.
- I’m standing between my two best friends.
- Ciallaíonn « Among » go bhfuil rud i measc grúpa níos mó ná dhá rud, gan a bheith timpeallaithe go fisiciúil.
- She found a letter among the papers on her desk.
- Ciallaíonn « Amid » go bhfuil rud timpeallaithe nó tumtha i rud éigin (go hiondúil cás nó atmaisféar). Úsáidtear é go príomha i stíl foirmiúil/liteartha.
- They stayed calm amid the chaos.
« Across » - « Through » - « Along »
-
Léiríonn « Across » trasnú rud éigin ó thaobh amháin go taobh eile.
- They walked across the street.
-
Léiríonn « Through » gluaiseacht laistigh de spás dúnta nó mhais.
- We drove through the tunnel.
-
Léiríonn « Along » gluaiseacht nó suíomh ar feadh línte nó imeall.
- She walked along the river.
2. Réamhfhocail Ama
Léiríonn réamhfhocail ama cathain a tharlaíonn imeacht, a fhad nó a mhiniúchán.
| Réamhfhocal | Brí | Sampla |
|---|---|---|
| in | Úsáidte do mhíonna, blianta, céadta, codanna den lá | We met in July. |
| on | Úsáidte do laethanta, dátaí ar leith agus imeachtaí | The meeting is on Monday. |
| at | Úsáidte do huaireanta agus nóiméid shonracha | I will see you at 5 PM. |
| by | Roimh am ar leith (sprioc) | Finish the report by Friday. |
| before | Roimh am áirithe | I arrived before noon. |
| after | Tar éis am áirithe | Let's meet after lunch. |
| until | Go dtí am ar leith | She stayed until midnight. |
| till | Go dtí am ar leith (níos neamhfhoirmiúla) | I'll wait till you arrive. |
| since | Ó phointe ama áirithe | I have lived here since 2010. |
| for | Ar feadh tréimhse áirithe | They traveled for two months. |
| during | Le linn tréimhse ar leith | It rained during the night. |
| within | Laistigh de thréimhse áirithe | The package will arrive within 24 hours. |
| from | Tús tréimhse | We worked from 9 AM to 5 PM. |
| to | Deireadh tréimhse | The shop is open from Monday to Friday. |
| between | Tréimhse idir dhá phointe | The event takes place between 3 PM and 5 PM. |
| around | Thart ar an am sin | He arrived around noon. |
| about | Thart ar an am sin | The class starts about 10 AM. |
| past | Tar éis am áirithe | It's past midnight. |
| up to | Go dtí am áirithe | The offer is valid up to the end of the month. |
| as of | Ó am áirithe ar aghaidh | The policy applies as of next year. |
| throughout | Ar feadh tréimhse iomlán | The song played throughout the concert. |
| over | Le linn tréimhse áirithe | He stayed over the weekend. |
| ahead of | Roimh am áirithe (níos foirmiúla) | We must plan ahead of the deadline. |
« In » - « on » - « at »
- Úsáidtear « in » go ginearálta do tréimhsí fada (míonna, blianta, séasúir, codanna den lá).
- in May, in 2025, in the morning
- He was born in 1990.
- It often rains in winter.
- Úsáidtear « on » do laethanta agus dátaí ar leith.
- on Monday, on December 5th
- My birthday is on July 10th.
- We will meet on Christmas Day.
- Léiríonn « at » nóiméad ar leith.
- at 5:00 PM, at sunrise, at midday
- Let’s meet at noon.
- We usually have dinner at 7 PM.
Finer Points between « in », « on » agus « at »
- In the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening ach at night (eisceacht idiomatach).
- At the weekend (Béarla na Breataine), on the weekend (Béarla Mheiriceánach).
« By » - « before » - « until » - « from ... to »
-
Léiríonn « By » spriocdháta nó am deireanach.
- Finish this report by Friday.
(níos déanaí ná Aoine) - I’ll be there by 6 PM.
(ag a sé tráthnóna)
- Finish this report by Friday.
-
Léiríonn « Before » go dtarlaíonn rud sular tharlaíonn imeacht eile nó am eile.
- We must leave before sunset.
- Finish your homework before dinner.
-
Léiríonn « Until » leanúnachas gníomhaíochta nó staid go h-am ar leith.
- I stayed at the office until 7 PM.
- He waited till midnight.
(úsáid níos neamhfhoirmiúla don until)
-
Léiríonn « From ... to » tús agus deireadh tréimhse.
- I work from 9 AM to 5 PM.
- They were on vacation from Monday to Thursday.
« During » - « for » - « since »
-
Tugann « During » béim ar an tréimhse ina tharlaíonn imeacht, gan fad cruinn a thabhairt.
- He called me during the meeting.
- It rained during the night.
-
Léiríonn « For » fad ama.
- They studied for three hours.
- We lived in London for five years.
-
Úsáidtear « Since » chun tús sa am atá caite a chur in iúl agus gníomh nó staid a mhair go dtí an lá inniu.
- I have lived here since 2010.
- She has been waiting since this morning.
3. Réamhfhocail Treo nó Gluaiseachta
Déanann na réamhfhocail seo cur síos ar an áit a bhfuil tú ag gluaiseacht chuici nó an dóigh a n-imíonn tú.
| Réamhfhocal | Brí | Sampla |
|---|---|---|
| across | Ó thaobh amháin go taobh eile | He walked across the street. |
| through | Trí spás dúnta | The train passed through the tunnel. |
| along | Ar feadh | We walked along the beach. |
| onto | Chuig dromchla | He jumped onto the table. |
| into | Chuig spás istigh | She went into the room. |
| out of | Amach as | He got out of the car. |
| from | Áit thosaigh gluaiseachta | He came from London. |
| towards | Sa treo | She ran towards the exit. |
| to | Chuig ceann scríbe | We are going to Paris. |
| off | Amach ó dhromchla | She fell off the chair. |
| up | Suas | He climbed up the ladder. |
| down | Síos | She walked down the stairs. |
| beyond | Taobh thiar de | The town is beyond the hills. |
| past | Thar bráid | She walked past the bank. |
| around | Timpeall | They traveled around the world. |
« To » - « into » - « onto »
- Léiríonn « To » treo nó ceann scríbe.
- I’m going to the store.
- He walked to the bus stop.
- Leagann « Into » béim ar dhuine nó rud ag dul isteach i áit nó i rud eile.
- She poured the tea into the cup.
- Léiríonn « Onto » gluaiseacht chuig dromchla.
- He jumped onto the table.
Míthuiscintí idir « in » / « into » nó « on » / « onto »
- « In » (staidéir) vs. « Into » (gluaiseacht chun dul isteach).
- (staid shocair): She is in the room.
- (gluaiseacht isteach): She walked into the room.
- « On » (staidéir) vs. « Onto » (gluaiseacht chun dul suas).
- (staid shocair): He stands on the stage.
- (gluaiseacht suas): He jumps onto the stage.
In / To + tír
- Úsáidtear « in » go ginearálta chun a chur in iúl go bhfuil tú i dtír.
- He lives in Spain.
- Úsáidtear « to » chun gluaiseacht chun tíre nó cathrach a chur in iúl.
- He moved to Spain last year.
« Around » - « About »
- Is féidir le « Around » nó « about » gluaiseacht thimpeall nó timpeall ar áit a chur in iúl.
- He wandered around the park.
- They walked about the city, exploring the streets. (úsáid níos liteartha nó réigiúnach)
4. Réamhfhocail Choitianta Eile agus a nÚsáid
| Réamhfhocal | Brí | Sampla |
|---|---|---|
| with | Léiríonn comhluadar, úsáid uirlis, nó an bealach | She wrote with a pen. / I went to the party with my friends. |
| without | Léiríonn easpa rud éigin | He left without his phone. |
| by | Úsáidte chun gníomhaí a chur in iúl (sa passive), modh iompair nó suíomh gar | The book was written by Shakespeare. / We traveled by car. |
| about | Léiríonn ábhar cainte nó meastachán | We talked about the new project. / There were about 50 people in the room. |
| like | Úsáidte i gcomparáid | She runs like a cheetah. |
| as | Léiríonn feidhm, ról, nó comparáid | He works as a teacher. / Do it as I showed you. |
| except | Eisceacht rud éigin | Everyone came except John. |
| apart from | Is féidir le « seachas » nó « chomh maith le » a chiallaíonn | Apart from English, he speaks Spanish. |
| instead of | Rogha eile | Take tea instead of coffee. |
| according to | Foinse eolais | According to the news, it's going to rain. |
| because of | Cúis imeachta | The flight was delayed because of the storm. |
| due to | Foirm níos foirmiúla de « because of » | The delay was due to technical issues. |
| owing to | Úsáidte freisin chun cúis a chur in iúl (stíl níos foirmiúla) | The match was canceled owing to heavy rain. |
| thanks to | Cuireann sé cúis dhearfach in iúl | We succeeded thanks to your help. |
| in spite of | Léiríonn codarsnacht | He finished the race in spite of his injury. |
| despite | Comhchiallach le "in spite of" | She won despite the difficulties. |
| instead | Léiríonn ionadú (gan « of ») | I didn't take the bus. I walked instead. |
| unlike | Léiríonn difríocht | Unlike his brother, he loves sports. |
| contrary to | Léiríonn codarsnacht le creideamh nó súil | Contrary to popular belief, bats are not blind. |
| regarding | Tugann sé ábhar doiciméad nó comhrá isteach | I have a question regarding your proposal. |
| concerning | Comhchiallach le "regarding" | He called me concerning the contract. |
| apart | Léiríonn deighilt | They live far apart from each other. |
| toward(s) | Léiríonn intinn nó treo abstarach | His attitude towards work has changed. |
| beyond | Léiríonn teorainn sháraithe (figiúrtha nó spásúil) | This problem is beyond my understanding. |
| against | Léiríonn codarsnacht nó teagmháil fisiciúil | They are against the new policy. / She leaned against the wall. |
| per | Léiríonn minicíocht nó cóimheas | He earns $20 per hour. |
| via | Léiríonn idirghabhálaí nó gluaiseacht trí phointe | We traveled to Italy via Paris. |
| as for | Tugann sé isteach ábhar nua sa chomhrá | As for the budget, we need to cut costs. |
| as well as | Léiríonn breisiú | She speaks French as well as Spanish. |
| rather than | Léiríonn tosaíocht | I would stay home rather than go out. |
| except for | Léiríonn eisceacht | The report is complete except for a few details. |
« With » - « Without »
- Léiríonn « With » comhluadar, úsáid uirlis, nó an bealach a ndéantar rud éigin.
- I went to the party with my friends.
- She cut the bread with a knife.
- Léiríonn « Without » easpa duine nó rud éigin.
- He left without saying goodbye.
- I can’t live without music.
« By »
Tá roinnt bríonna ag « By » ag brath ar an gcomhthéacs:
- Sa ghnás passiv, úsáideann « by » chun údar a chur in iúl.
- This book was written by J.K. Rowling.
- Úsáidtear « by » chun modh nó uirlis gníomhaíochta a léiriú.
- We traveled by car / by train / by plane.
- Úsáidtear « by » chun áit a léiriú (gar do, in aice le).
- My house is by the river.
- Úsáidtear « by » chun "dul thar bráid" a chur in iúl.
- We walked by the park on our way home.
« About »
Féadfaidh « About » ciallaíonn « faoi » nó « thart ar ».
- We talked about the new movie.
(ábhar comhrá) - There were about fifty people at the party.
(meastachán)
« Like » - « As »
Úsáideann « Like » chun comparaid a dhéanamh idir 2 rud nó 2 chás.
- He runs like a cheetah.
Féadfaidh « As » bríonna éagsúla a bheith aige. Úsáid choitianta amháin ná “mar”.
- I work as a teacher. (mar mhúinteoir)
Finer Point between « like » and « as »
Is féidir le « Like » agus « As » a bheith inathsholáthair uaireanta chun comparaid a chur in iúl, ach:
- Is minic a chuireann « as » clásal isteach (as if, as though)
- Is minic a leanann « like » ainmfhocal nó pronoun díreach.
« Except » - « Apart from »
Léiríonn « Except » nach bhfuil rud éigin san áireamh.
- Everyone passed the exam except John.
Ciallaíonn « Apart from » “seachas, i dteannta”, agus is féidir é a úsáid chun rud a chur as an áireamh nó le cur leis, ag brath ar an gcomhthéacs.
- Apart from Monday, I’m free all week.
(lainn Monday) - Apart from that little issue, everything went fine.
(sách le « seachas an fhadhb bheag sin »)
5. Cásanna Speisialta agus Gaisteanna
« At night » vs. « in the night »
Úsáidtear « at night » chun an oíche i gcoitinne (tréimhse den lá) a chur in iúl.
- I usually sleep at night.
Úsáidtear « in the night » chun imeacht ar leith a tharlaíonn i rith na hoíche a chur in iúl.
- It started raining in the night.
(béim ar imeacht ar leith sa oíche)
« Different from » - « different to » - « different than »
Is é « Different from » an foirm is coitianta agus measfar go bhfuil sé caighdeánach.
- His style is different from mine.
Úsáidtear « Different to » go príomha i mBéarla na Breataine
- This country is different to what I expected.
Úsáidtear « Different than » go príomha i mBéarla Mheiriceánach
- This result is different than I thought.
« Home » (go minic) gan réamhfhocal:
Nuair atá tú ag rá go bhfuil tú ag dul abhaile, deirtear go home gan réamhfhocal.
✅ I’m going home.
❌ I’m going to home.
« Ask for something » (ní « ask something »):
Chun rud éigin a iarraidh, tá an réamhfhocal for riachtanach.
- She asked for advice.
« Look at » - « look for » - « look after » - « look into »
Ciallaíonn « Look at » “féach ar rud éigin”.
- Look at that beautiful sunset.
Ciallaíonn « Look for » “cuardaigh rud éigin”.
- I’m looking for my keys.
Ciallaíonn « Look after » “aire a thabhairt do”, “tabhair aire do”.
- She looks after her younger siblings.
Ciallaíonn « Look into » “scrúdú a dhéanamh ar”, “staidéar a dhéanamh ar fhadhb go mion”.
- We need to look into this matter.
« Listen to » agus « hear »
Is ionann « Listen to » agus “éist le”. Éistear go cúramach le fuaim.
- I’m listening to music.
Ciallaíonn « Hear » “cloiseann”. Cloistear fuaim gan béim ar aire.
- I can’t hear you properly.
« Wait for » vs. « wait on »
Ciallaíonn « Wait for someone/something » “fan le duine / rud éigin”.
- I’m waiting for the train.
Ciallaíonn « Wait on someone » “freastal ar dhuine”. Úsáidtear é go príomha sa chomhthéacs freastalaí bialainne, ach is annamh a úsáidtear é.
- He waited on tables during the summer.
(ag obair mar fhreastalaí)
« Agree with » - « Agree on » - « Agree to »
Ciallaíonn « Agree with someone » “aontú le duine nó tuairim”.
- I agree with you.
Ciallaíonn « Agree on a topic » “comhaontú ar ábhar ar leith”.
- We agreed on the best course of action.
Ciallaíonn « Agree to something » “glacadh le”, “comhaontú a thabhairt” ar mholadh.
- He agreed to help us.
« Depend on » vs. « Depend of »
I mBéarla, deirtear depend on
✅ It depends on the weather.
❌ It depends of the weather.
« Belong to »
Chun úinéireacht a léiriú, úsáidtear « belong to »
- This book belongs to me.
Comhdhéanamh le « made of » - « made from » - « made out of » - « made with »
Úsáidtear « Made of » nuair nach bhfuil ábhar athraithe (mar shampla, clocha fós cloch).
- This table is made of wood.
Úsáidtear « Made from » nuair nach bhfuil ábhar bunaidh le feiceáil níos mó.
- Wine is made from grapes.
Leagann « Made out of » béim ar athrú ruda amháin go rud eile.
- This sculpture was made out of scrap metal.
Luaitear « Made with » an príomh-chomhábhar nó comhpháirt (go minic le bia).
- This cake is made with chocolate.
Easnamh nó cur mícheart ar to
Teastaíonn réamhfhocal to ó roinnt briathra
- listen to, belong to, object to
Níl gá le réamhfhocal to le briathra áirithe
- attack someone, ní attack to someone
Difríochtaí idir Béarla na Breataine agus Béarla Mheiriceánach
- On the weekend (US) vs. At the weekend (UK).
- Different than (US) vs. Different from/to (UK).
Críoch
Tá réamhfhocail ar cheann de na pointí tábhachtacha a scrúdaítear sa TOEIC®. Chun do scór a fheabhsú, moltar go mór:
- Úsáid a gcuid príomhfheidhmeanna (áit, am, treo, srl.) a mháistir chun pointí a chaomhnú le linn ceisteanna tuisceana nó gramadaí.
- Tabhair aird ar shubtleachtaí brí agus ar na frásaí idiomatacha (mar shampla, look at, look for, srl.), a fhaightear go minic sna codanna Reading agus Listening.
- Familiarú le heisceachtaí agus le difríochtaí réigiúnacha (Béarla na Breataine vs. Béarla Mheiriceánach), mar go mbíonn téacsanna agus gearrthóga fuaime ó réimsí éagsúla Béarla sa TOEIC® go minic.
Cúrsaí Eile
Seo na cúrsaí gramadaí eile don TOEIC®: