Tečaj o veznicima - Priprema za TOEIC®
Veznici, poznati i kao « linking words » ili « connectors », služe za povezivanje ideja i čine tekst ili govor tečnijim. U ovom tečaju ćemo pregledati glavne vrste veznika, podijeljene po kategorijama.
1. Veznici za dodavanje ili nabrajanje ideja
Ovi veznici omogućuju uvođenje nove informacije, dopunjavanje ideje ili strukturiranje točaka u logičkom redoslijedu (kronološkom ili prema važnosti).
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| and | i | I like watching movies and reading books. |
| also | također | She works as a teacher; she also does volunteer work on weekends. |
| as well | također / isto | He's a talented singer as well as a skilled guitarist. |
| in addition | osim toga / nadalje | She speaks Spanish. In addition, she understands French. |
| moreover | štoviše | He was late. Moreover, he didn’t bring his notes. |
| furthermore | nadalje / štoviše | We have no time. Furthermore, we lack the necessary equipment. |
| besides | osim toga / s druge strane | I don’t like horror films. Besides, they scare me. |
| first / firstly | prvo / najprije | First, let me introduce the main topic of the meeting. |
| second / secondly | drugo / zatim | Second, we will examine the results of the survey. |
| third / thirdly | treće / potom | Third, we’ll compare these results to last year’s data. |
| next | sljedeće | Next, we need to analyze the data in more detail. |
| then | zatim / potom | Then, we’ll move on to the final discussion. |
| finally | na kraju / konačno | Finally, we’ll summarize our conclusions. |
| lastly | naposljetku / na završetku | Lastly, we should thank everyone for their contributions. |
| last but not least | posljednje ali ne najmanje važno | Last but not least, let’s address the financial aspect. |
Nijanse / Izuzeci
- « And » je najosnovniji veznik. On povezuje jednostavno dva elementa ili ideje.
- « Beside(s) » može značiti « pored » kao Preposition (npr. "The phone is beside the lamp."), ali kao connector, « besides » znači « osim toga / s druge strane ».
- Oblici first/firstly, second/secondly, itd. su zamjenjivi, ali oblik s « -ly » ponekad se smatra formalnijim.
2. Veznici za izražavanje uzroka i posljedice
Oni označavaju zašto se nešto događa (uzrok) i koji je rezultat (posljedica).
Izražavanje uzroka
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| because | zato što / jer | I stayed home because it was raining heavily. |
| since | budući da / pošto | Since you’re here early, let’s start the meeting now. |
| as | kako / budući da | As I was busy, I couldn’t attend the conference. |
| due to | zbog / uslijed | The game was canceled due to bad weather. |
| owing to | uslijed / zbog | Owing to the traffic, we arrived late. |
Izražavanje posljedice
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| so | pa / stoga | It was raining, so I took an umbrella. |
| therefore | dakle / stoga | She didn’t study; therefore, she failed the exam. |
| thus | dakle / stoga / tako | He saved money; thus, he could afford a new car. |
| as a result | kao rezultat / stoga | Sales increased. As a result, the company hired more staff. |
| consequently | posljedica toga / stoga | The project failed. Consequently, they lost their funding. |
| hence | stoga / otuda / dakle | He was the best performer; hence, his rapid promotion. |
Nijanse / Izuzeci
- « So » se vrlo često koristi u govoru.
- « Therefore », « thus », « consequently » i « hence » se često koriste u formalnom ili pismenom stilu.
- « Due to » i « owing to » koriste se prije Nomen (imenica) ili Gerund (glagolske imenice).
- The cancellation of the event was due to bad weather.
- Owing to arriving late, he missed the beginning of the movie.
3. Veznici za izražavanje uvjeta
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| if | ako | If it rains, we’ll stay home. |
| unless | osim ako | I won’t go out unless you come with me. |
| provided (that) | pod uvjetom da | I’ll lend you the book provided (that) you give it back soon. |
| providing (that) | pod uvjetom da | We’ll succeed providing (that) we all work together. |
| as long as | dokle god / sve dok | You can stay out as long as you call me if you need anything. |
| on condition that | pod uvjetom da | He will sign the contract on condition that we respect the deadline. |
| in case | za slučaj da / ako slučajno | Take an umbrella in case it rains. |
Nijanse / Izuzeci
- « Unless » znači « osim ako », pa rečenica izražava implicitnu negaciju.
- « I won't go unless... » = « Neću ići osim ako... »
- « Provided (that) » i « providing (that) » su često zamjenjivi, ali « provided that » je češći u formalnim kontekstima.
4. Veznici za izražavanje suprotnosti ili koncesije
Izražavanje suprotnosti
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| but | ali | He is rich, but he is not happy. |
| however | međutim / no | I like the city; however, I prefer the countryside. |
| yet | ipak / no | It seemed easy at first, yet it turned out complicated. |
| nevertheless | ipak / usprkos tome | They lost the match; nevertheless, they played bravely. |
| nonetheless | ipak / usprkos tome | It’s raining; nonetheless, we decided to go hiking. |
| still | ipak / još uvijek | She apologized; still, he remained upset. |
| whereas | dok / dok s druge strane | She loves jazz, whereas her brother prefers rock music. |
| while | dok / iako | While I like sweets, I try to eat healthy. |
| on the other hand | s druge strane | The city is noisy; on the other hand, it’s very vibrant. |
Izražavanje koncesije
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| although | iako / premda | Although it was late, we kept studying. |
| even though | čak i ako / iako | She won even though she was injured. |
| though | iako / premda | Though it was difficult, he managed to finish on time. |
| despite | usprkos | Despite the rain, they continued their trip. |
| in spite of | usprkos | In spite of her fear, she gave a great speech. |
| even if | čak i ako | We will go out even if it starts raining later. |
Nijanse / Izuzeci
- « But » je najjednostavniji i najčešći za izražavanje izravne suprotnosti.
- « Though » se može staviti na kraj rečenice u neformalnom stilu
- I’m not sure, though.
- « Despite » i « in spite of » slijede Nomen (imenica) ili Gerund (glagolska imenica).
- Despite the rain, they continued playing.
- In spite of having no experience, he got the job.
5. Veznici za izražavanje svrhe
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| to | da / kako bi | He works hard to achieve his dreams. |
| in order to | kako bi / da bi | She left early in order to catch the first train. |
| so as to | kako bi | We must prepare everything so as to avoid any delay. |
| so that | da / kako bi / kako bi se | Turn down the music so that the neighbors won’t complain. |
| in order that | da / kako bi | We set up a meeting in order that everyone can participate. |
Nijanse / Izuzeci
- « To » je najjednostavniji način za izražavanje svrhe, obično slijedi Infinitive (glagol u infinitivu).
- « So that » i « in order that » često uvode rečenicu sa subjektom i glagolom.
- I explained it clearly so that everyone could understand.
6. Veznici za davanje primjera ili ilustraciju
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| for example | na primjer | Some countries, for example, Italy, are famous for their cuisine. |
| for instance | na primjer | There are many social networks; for instance, TikTok and Instagram. |
| such as | kao što su / poput | He likes outdoor activities such as hiking and kayaking. |
| like | kao / poput | She enjoys sports like football and basketball. |
| e.g. | (exempli gratia) | You should eat more fruits (e.g., apples, bananas, oranges). |
| specifically | konkretno / posebno | She focuses on sustainable energy, specifically solar power. |
| to illustrate | radi ilustracije | To illustrate, let’s look at last year’s revenue figures. |
Nijanse / Izuzeci
- « Such as » i « like » obično slijede konkretni primjeri.
- « e.g. » je latinska kratica, uglavnom korištena u formalnim ili akademskim kontekstima, često unutar zagrada.
- « For example » i « for instance » koriste se izmjenično za uvođenje primjera.
7. Veznici za sažimanje ili zaključivanje
| Riječ | Prijevod | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| in conclusion | u zaključku / za kraj | In conclusion, both methods can be effective. |
| to sum up | za rezime / ukratko | To sum up, we need more resources to complete this project. |
| in summary | ukratko / sumirano | In summary, we’ve covered all the major points. |
| all in all | sve u svemu / ukupno gledano | All in all, it was a successful event. |
| overall | općenito / ukupno | Overall, the feedback has been positive. |
| to conclude | za zaključiti / zaključujući | To conclude, let’s review the final recommendations. |
| briefly | ukratko / kratko | Briefly, the test results are better than expected. |
| in short | ukratko / usto | In short, we need a better strategy. |
Nijanse / Izuzeci
- « In conclusion » i « to conclude » imaju formalniji ton.
- « All in all » i « in short » su nešto neformalniji i često korišteni u govoru.
Zaključak
Veznici su ključni za strukturiranje rečenica na engleskom jeziku. Oni čine govor jasnijim, tečnijim i logičnijim. Na TOEIC® ispitu, dobro poznavanje veznika je presudno, posebice u dijelu Reading, gdje omogućuju razumijevanje logičkih veza među idejama, kao i u dijelu Listening, gdje pomažu pratiti tijek razgovora ili govora.