Tečaj o glagolima s česticom - Priprema za TOEIC®
Glagol s česticom (također nazvan « phrasal verb ») je glagol kojem se dodaje mala riječ (često up, out, in, off, on, over, away, itd.). Na primjer, « to look » znači « gledati », ali « to look after » znači « brinuti se o / paziti na », a « to look up to » znači « diviti se ».
Te čestice igraju ključnu ulogu: mogu potpuno promijeniti značenje glagola ili mu dodati posebnu nijansu. Evo tipičnog primjera:
- To break: slomiti
- To break down: pokvariti se / emocionalno slomiti
- To break in: provaliti, ući nasilno
- To break up: rastati se (prekinuti vezu)
1. Kako se formiraju glagoli s česticom?
Osnovno pravilo je jednostavno: spaja se glagol i čestica. Čestica može biti
- Prijedlog (in, on, at, by, after, for, itd.).
- To run into someone (slučajno nekoga sresti)
- Prilog (up, down, away, off, itd.).
- To sit down (sjesti)
- To go away (otići)
Ponekad se koriste dvije čestice, što se naziva phrasal-prepositional verbs.
- To put up with something (tolerirati nešto)
→ ovdje je čestica « up with ».
2. Različite kategorije glagola s česticom
A. Tranzitivni i netranzitivni glagoli s česticom
- Tranzitivni: Potreban im je objekt (direktni ili indirektni).
- To put out a fire (ugasiti vatru) → „a fire" je objekt.
- To hand in a paper (predati zadatak) → „a paper” je objekt.
- Netranzitivni: Ne trebaju objekt.
- To break down (pokvariti se) → nema posebno navedenog objekta.
- To go away (otići) → ništa ne dolazi odmah nakon glagola.
Direktni objekt (Complément d'Objet Direct) direktno dopunjuje glagol, bez prijedloga. Može se pronaći pitanjem „što?” ili „koga?” iza glagola. → Jedem jabuku. → Jedem ŠTO? jabuku
Indirektni objekt (Complément d'Objet Indirect) dopunjuje glagol s prijedlogom (na, od, za, itd.). Pronalazi se pitanjem „kome?”, „čemu?”, „od koga?” itd. → Govorim prijatelju. → Govorim KOME? prijatelju.
Izuzetak s zamjenicama
Ako je objekt zamjenica, ona MORA biti između glagola i čestice.
- ✅ I turned it off.
❌ I turned off it. - ✅ She picked him up.
❌ She picked up him. - ✅ Can you put it on?
❌ Can you put on it?
B. Odvojivi i neodvojivi glagoli s česticom (za tranzitivne glagole)
- Odvojivi: Objekt se može staviti između glagola i čestice ili nakon čestice.
- To turn off the light = To turn the light off
„off” može biti nakon „light” ili odmah iza „turn”. - Turn off the TV = Turn the TV off
(ugasi televizor) - Pick up the phone = Pick the phone up
(javi se na telefon)
- To turn off the light = To turn the light off
- Neodvojivi: Objekt ne može biti između glagola i čestice. Uvijek dolazi nakon čestice.
- To look after someone
(brinuti se o nekome)- Ne može se reći „To look someone after”.
- Uvijek se kaže: „I look after my nephew every weekend.”
- To look after someone
C. Glagoli s dvije čestice (phrasal-prepositional verbs)
Neki glagoli kombiniraju dvije čestice, i objekt uvijek mora biti nakon čestica:
- To put up with something (tolerirati)
- I can't put up with the noise anymore!
- To look forward to something (rado iščekivati)
- I’m looking forward to the holidays.
- To get on with someone (dobro se slagati s nekim)
- He gets on with his new colleagues really well.
4. Doslovno vs. preneseno značenje
Glagoli s česticom mogu imati doslovno značenje, blisko značenju čestice, ili preneseno značenje koje se često razlikuje od osnovnog glagola. Zato je važno učiti te glagole pojedinačno i dobro znati najčešće.
- Značenje blisko glagolu i čestici:
- To come in: ući (prilično doslovno: „doći” + „unutra”)
- To go out: izaći (logika: „otići” + „vani”)
- Preneseno značenje (nije uvijek predvidljivo):
- To bring up a topic: spomenuti temu, započeti razgovor o nečemu
- To bring up a child: odgajati dijete
- To give up: odustati, prestati raditi nešto
- To make up a story: izmisliti priču, lagati
- To take off: poletjeti (za avion), ili čak ostvariti neočekivan uspjeh
- His career took off suddenly.
5. Popis nekih čestih glagola s česticom
Evo pregleda najčešće korištenih glagola s česticom:
| Phrasal Verb | Značenje | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| Get up | Ustati | I get up at 7 AM every day. |
| Wake up | Probuditi se | He wakes up late on weekends. |
| Put on | Obući (odjeću) | She put on her jacket before going out. |
| Take off | Skinuti (odjeću) / Poletjeti | She took off her shoes. / The plane took off at 9 AM. |
| Look for | Tražiti | I’m looking for my keys. |
| Look after | Brinuti se o | I look after my younger brother when my parents are away. |
| Look up to | Diviti se | I look up to my mother; she’s my role model. |
| Look forward to | Radovati se, iščekivati | I’m looking forward to my birthday party. |
| Turn on / Turn off | Uključiti / Isključiti | Could you turn on the lights? / Turn off the TV, please. |
| Pick up | Pokupiti / Doći po nekoga / Naučiti | Pick up your clothes. / I’ll pick you up at 8 PM. / He picked up Spanish. |
| Give up | Odustati | I will never give up on my dreams. |
| Bring up | Odgajati dijete / Spomenuti temu | She was brought up by her grandparents. / He brought up the issue at the meeting. |
| Catch up (with) | Sustići (zaostatak, razinu) / Nadoknaditi | I need to catch up on my reading. / You go ahead; I’ll catch up with you later. |
| Carry on | Nastaviti | Carry on with your work. |
| Run into | Sresti slučajno | I ran into an old friend at the supermarket. |
| Hold on | Pričekati / Ne prekidati | Please hold on, I’ll check the information. |
| Find out | Otkriti, saznati | I found out that he had moved to another city. |
| Work out | Riješiti problem / Vježbati | We need to work out a better strategy. / I work out at the gym three times a week. |
| Throw away | Baciti | Don’t throw away the receipts; you might need them. |
| Sort out | Riješiti problem, organizirati | We need to sort out this issue before the deadline. |
| Give in | Popustiti, odustati | He finally gave in to the pressure. |
| Call off | Otkazati | They called off the meeting due to bad weather. |
| Break down | Pokvariti se / Slomiti se emocionalno | My car broke down on the highway. / She broke down in tears. |
| Break up | Rastati se | They broke up after five years together. |
| Set up | Osnovati, pokrenuti | They set up a new company last year. |
| Put up with | Tolerirati | I can’t put up with this noise anymore. |
| Take over | Preuzeti kontrolu | The company was taken over by a competitor. |
| Back up | Sigurnosno kopirati / Podržati | You should back up your files. / He backed up his friend during the argument. |
| Come across | Naići na, slučajno pronaći | I came across an interesting article online. |
| Hang up | Prekinuti vezu (telefon) | She hung up before I could say goodbye. |
| Go over | Pregledati, razmotriti | Let’s go over the details before the presentation. |
| Turn down | Odbiti | He turned down the job offer. |
| Bring in | Uvesti, donijeti | The company brought in new regulations last month. |
| Run out of | Ostati bez | We ran out of milk this morning. |
| Show up | Doći, pojaviti se | He showed up late to the meeting. |
| Make up | Izmisliti / Pomiriti se | He made up an excuse. / They made up after the argument. |
| Go through | Proživjeti, proći kroz teškoće | She went through a tough time last year. |
| Drop in | Svratiti nenajavljeno | She dropped in to say hello. |
| Fall through | Propasti, ne uspjeti | Our vacation plans fell through due to bad weather. |
| Get in touch | Stupiti u kontakt s | I need to get in touch with my lawyer. |
| Keep up with | Držati korak, ostati u toku | He walks so fast I can’t keep up with him. |
| Look up | Potražiti informaciju (u rječniku, na internetu) | I looked up the meaning of the word online. |
| Make up for | Nadoknaditi | She tried to make up for her mistake by apologizing. |
| Narrow down | Sužiti, smanjiti popis opcija | We need to narrow down the candidates to three finalists. |
| Own up to | Priznati, priznati odgovornost | He owned up to breaking the vase. |
| Step down | Dati ostavku, povući se s funkcije | The CEO decided to step down after ten years in office. |
Zaključak
Glagoli s česticom su ključan dio vladanja svakodnevnim engleskim, te su posvuda u TOEIC® Reading i Listening dijelovima. Iako mogu zbuniti na početku zbog višestrukih značenja i složene strukture (odvojivi/neudvojivi, tranzitivni/netranzitivni), vježbanje omogućuje njihovo prepoznavanje i prirodno korištenje.