Kursus tentang kata hubung - Persiapan TOEIC®
Kata kata hubung, juga dikenali sebagai « linking words » atau « connectors », digunakan untuk menghubungkan idea dan membuat teks atau ucapan lebih lancar. Dalam kursus ini, kita akan mengkaji semula jenis utama kata hubung, dibahagikan mengikut kategori.
1. Kata hubung untuk menambah atau menyenaraikan idea
Kata-kata ini membolehkan memperkenalkan maklumat baharu, melengkapkan idea atau menyusun perkara dalam urutan logik (kronologi atau kepentingan).
| Kata | Terjemahan | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| and | dan | I like watching movies and reading books. |
| also | juga | She works as a teacher; she also does volunteer work on weekends. |
| as well | juga / selain itu | He's a talented singer as well as a skilled guitarist. |
| in addition | tambahan / di samping itu | She speaks Spanish. In addition, she understands French. |
| moreover | lebih-lebih lagi / tambahan | He was late. Moreover, he didn’t bring his notes. |
| furthermore | tambahan / di samping itu | We have no time. Furthermore, we lack the necessary equipment. |
| besides | selain itu / tambahan | I don’t like horror films. Besides, they scare me. |
| first / firstly | pertama / pertama sekali | First, let me introduce the main topic of the meeting. |
| second / secondly | kedua | Second, we will examine the results of the survey. |
| third / thirdly | ketiga | Third, we’ll compare these results to last year’s data. |
| next | seterusnya | Next, we need to analyze the data in more detail. |
| then | kemudian / selepas itu | Then, we’ll move on to the final discussion. |
| finally | akhirnya | Finally, we’ll summarize our conclusions. |
| lastly | akhir sekali | Lastly, we should thank everyone for their contributions. |
| last but not least | terakhir tetapi tidak kurang pentingnya | Last but not least, let’s address the financial aspect. |
Nuansa / Pengecualian
- « And » adalah kata hubung yang paling asas. Ia menghubungkan secara mudah dua unsur atau idea.
- « Beside(s) » boleh bermaksud « di sebelah » sebagai Präposition (cth. "The phone is beside the lamp."), tetapi sebagai connector, « besides » bermaksud « tambahan / selain itu ».
- Bentuk first/firstly, second/secondly, dan lain-lain adalah boleh ditukar ganti, tetapi bentuk dengan « -ly » kadang-kadang dianggap lebih formal.
2. Kata hubung untuk menyatakan sebab dan akibat
Kata-kata ini menunjukkan mengapa sesuatu berlaku (sebab) dan apa hasilnya (akibat).
Menyatakan sebab
| Kata | Terjemahan | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| because | kerana | I stayed home because it was raining heavily. |
| since | sejak / memandangkan | Since you’re here early, let’s start the meeting now. |
| as | kerana / memandangkan | As I was busy, I couldn’t attend the conference. |
| due to | disebabkan / atas sebab | The game was canceled due to bad weather. |
| owing to | kerana / disebabkan oleh | Owing to the traffic, we arrived late. |
Menyatakan akibat
| Kata | Terjemahan | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| so | jadi / maka | It was raining, so I took an umbrella. |
| therefore | oleh itu | She didn’t study; therefore, she failed the exam. |
| thus | maka / jadi | He saved money; thus, he could afford a new car. |
| as a result | sebagai akibat / oleh itu | Sales increased. As a result, the company hired more staff. |
| consequently | akibatnya / oleh itu | The project failed. Consequently, they lost their funding. |
| hence | maka / oleh itu | He was the best performer; hence, his rapid promotion. |
Nuansa / Pengecualian
- « So » sangat biasa digunakan dalam bahasa pertuturan.
- « Therefore », « thus », « consequently » dan « hence » biasanya digunakan dalam gaya lebih formal atau penulisan.
- « Due to » dan « owing to » digunakan sebelum Nomen atau gerund.
- The cancellation of the event was due to bad weather.
- Owing to arriving late, he missed the beginning of the movie.
3. Kata hubung untuk menyatakan syarat
| Kata | Terjemahan | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| if | jika | If it rains, we’ll stay home. |
| unless | kecuali jika | I won’t go out unless you come with me. |
| provided (that) | dengan syarat | I’ll lend you the book provided (that) you give it back soon. |
| providing (that) | dengan syarat / sekiranya | We’ll succeed providing (that) we all work together. |
| as long as | selagi / asalkan | You can stay out as long as you call me if you need anything. |
| on condition that | dengan syarat | He will sign the contract on condition that we respect the deadline. |
| in case | sekiranya / kalau-kalau | Take an umbrella in case it rains. |
Nuansa / Pengecualian
- « Unless » bermaksud « kecuali jika », jadi frasa itu menyatakan penafian tersirat.
- « I won't go unless... » = « Saya tidak akan pergi kecuali jika... »
- « Provided (that) » dan « providing (that) » sering boleh ditukar, tetapi « provided that » lebih biasa digunakan dalam konteks formal.
4. Kata hubung untuk menyatakan pertentangan atau konsesi
Menyatakan pertentangan
| Kata | Terjemahan | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| but | tetapi / namun | He is rich, but he is not happy. |
| however | walau bagaimanapun / namun | I like the city; however, I prefer the countryside. |
| yet | namun / walaupun begitu | It seemed easy at first, yet it turned out complicated. |
| nevertheless | walaupun begitu | They lost the match; nevertheless, they played bravely. |
| nonetheless | walaupun begitu | It’s raining; nonetheless, we decided to go hiking. |
| still | masih / namun begitu | She apologized; still, he remained upset. |
| whereas | sedangkan / manakala | She loves jazz, whereas her brother prefers rock music. |
| while | sementara / sedangkan | While I like sweets, I try to eat healthy. |
| on the other hand | sebaliknya | The city is noisy; on the other hand, it’s very vibrant. |
Menyatakan konsesi
| Kata | Terjemahan | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| although | walaupun | Although it was late, we kept studying. |
| even though | walaupun / meskipun | She won even though she was injured. |
| though | walaupun / meskipun | Though it was difficult, he managed to finish on time. |
| despite | walaupun / meskipun | Despite the rain, they continued their trip. |
| in spite of | walaupun / meskipun | In spite of her fear, she gave a great speech. |
| even if | walaupun | We will go out even if it starts raining later. |
Nuansa / Pengecualian
- « But » adalah yang paling mudah dan paling kerap digunakan untuk menunjukkan pertentangan secara langsung.
- « Though » boleh diletakkan di akhir ayat dalam gaya lebih tidak formal
- I’m not sure, though.
- « Despite » dan « in spite of » diikuti oleh Nomen atau gerund.
- Despite the rain, they continued playing.
- In spite of having no experience, he got the job.
5. Kata hubung untuk menyatakan tujuan
| Kata | Terjemahan | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| to | untuk | He works hard to achieve his dreams. |
| in order to | untuk / supaya | She left early in order to catch the first train. |
| so as to | supaya | We must prepare everything so as to avoid any delay. |
| so that | supaya / agar | Turn down the music so that the neighbors won’t complain. |
| in order that | supaya / agar | We set up a meeting in order that everyone can participate. |
Nuansa / Pengecualian
- « To » adalah bentuk paling ringkas untuk menyatakan tujuan, biasanya diikuti oleh kata kerja dalam bentuk Infinitive.
- « So that » dan « in order that » selalunya memperkenalkan klausa dengan subjek dan kata kerja.
- I explained it clearly so that everyone could understand.
6. Kata hubung untuk memberi contoh atau menjelaskan
| Kata | Terjemahan | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| for example | contohnya / sebagai contoh | Some countries, for example, Italy, are famous for their cuisine. |
| for instance | sebagai contoh / misalnya | There are many social networks; for instance, TikTok and Instagram. |
| such as | seperti / misalnya | He likes outdoor activities such as hiking and kayaking. |
| like | seperti | She enjoys sports like football and basketball. |
| e.g. | (exempli gratia) | You should eat more fruits (e.g., apples, bananas, oranges). |
| specifically | secara khusus | She focuses on sustainable energy, specifically solar power. |
| to illustrate | untuk menggambarkan | To illustrate, let’s look at last year’s revenue figures. |
Nuansa / Pengecualian
- « Such as » dan « like » biasanya diikuti oleh contoh konkrit.
- « e.g. » ialah singkatan Latin, digunakan terutama dalam konteks formal atau akademik, biasanya dalam kurungan.
- « For example » dan « for instance » digunakan secara boleh ditukar untuk memperkenalkan contoh.
7. Kata hubung untuk merumuskan atau membuat kesimpulan
| Kata | Terjemahan | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| in conclusion | sebagai kesimpulan | In conclusion, both methods can be effective. |
| to sum up | untuk merumuskan | To sum up, we need more resources to complete this project. |
| in summary | sebagai ringkasan / secara umum | In summary, we’ve covered all the major points. |
| all in all | secara keseluruhan / secara umum | All in all, it was a successful event. |
| overall | secara keseluruhan | Overall, the feedback has been positive. |
| to conclude | untuk membuat kesimpulan | To conclude, let’s review the final recommendations. |
| briefly | secara ringkas | Briefly, the test results are better than expected. |
| in short | dalam ringkasan | In short, we need a better strategy. |
Nuansa / Pengecualian
- « In conclusion » dan « to conclude » mempunyai gaya yang lebih formal.
- « All in all » dan « in short » sedikit lebih tidak formal dan sering digunakan dalam ucapan lisan.
Kesimpulan
Kata kata hubung amat penting untuk menyusun ayat dalam bahasa Inggeris. Ia menjadikan ucapan lebih jelas, lebih lancar dan lebih logik. Dalam TOEIC®, penguasaan kata hubung yang baik sangat kritikal, terutamanya dalam bahagian Reading, di mana ia membolehkan kita memahami hubungan logik antara idea-idea, serta dalam bahagian Listening, di mana ia membantu mengikuti alur perbualan atau ucapan.