Kursus tentang phrasal verbs - Persediaan TOEIC®
Satu verbe à particule (juga dipanggil « phrasal verb ») ialah kata kerja yang ditambah dengan satu perkataan kecil (selalunya up, out, in, off, on, over, away, dan lain-lain). Sebagai contoh, « to look » bermaksud "melihat", tetapi « to look after » bermaksud "menjaga / mengawasi" dan « to look up to » bermaksud "mengagumi".
Partikel-partikel ini memainkan peranan penting: ia boleh sama ada mengubah sepenuhnya maksud kata kerja, atau memberi nuansa tertentu kepadanya. Berikut contoh tipikal:
- To break : memecahkan
- To break down : rosak / runtuh secara emosi
- To break in : memecah masuk
- To break up : berpisah (memutuskan hubungan)
1. Bagaimana phrasal verbs terbentuk?
Prinsip asasnya mudah: gabungkan kata kerja dengan satu partikel. Partikel itu boleh menjadi
- Satu preposisi (in, on, at, by, after, for, dll.).
- To run into someone (terjumpa seseorang secara kebetulan)
- Satu adverb (up, down, away, off, dll.).
- To sit down (duduk)
- To go away (pergi)
Kadang-kadang, dua partikel digunakan, membentuk apa yang dipanggil phrasal-prepositional verbs.
- To put up with something (bertolak ansur dengan sesuatu)
→ di sini, partikelnya ialah « up with ».
2. Kategori berbeza phrasal verbs
A. Phrasal verbs transitif dan intransitif
- Transitif : Memerlukan komplemen objek (langsung atau tidak langsung).
- To put out a fire (memadamkan api) → "a fire" ialah objek.
- To hand in a paper (menghantar tugasan) → “a paper” ialah objek.
- Intransitif : Tidak memerlukan komplemen objek.
- To break down (rosak) → tiada objek khusus disebut.
- To go away (beredar) → tiada apa-apa yang terus mengikuti kata kerja.
COD (Komplemen Objek Langsung) melengkapkan kata kerja secara langsung, tanpa preposisi. Ia boleh dicari dengan bertanya "apa?" atau "siapa?" selepas kata kerja. → Saya makan sebiji epal. → Saya makan APA? sebiji epal
COI (Komplemen Objek Tidak Langsung) melengkapkan kata kerja dengan preposisi (à, de, pour, dll.). Ia boleh dicari dengan bertanya "kepada apa?", "kepada siapa?", "tentang apa?", dan sebagainya. → Saya bercakap dengan kawan saya. → Saya bercakap DENGAN SIAPA? dengan kawan saya.
Pengecualian dengan kata ganti nama (pronom)
Jika objeknya ialah kata ganti nama, maka ia MESTI diletakkan di antara kata kerja dan partikel.
- ✅ I turned it off.
❌ I turned off it. - ✅ She picked him up.
❌ She picked up him. - ✅ Can you put it on?
❌ Can you put on it?
B. Phrasal verbs boleh dipisahkan dan tidak boleh dipisahkan (untuk kata kerja transitif)
- Boleh dipisahkan : Objek boleh diletakkan di antara kata kerja dan partikel atau selepas partikel.
- To turn off the light = To turn the light off
“off” boleh diletakkan selepas “light” atau selepas “turn”. - Turn off the TV = Turn the TV off
(tutup televisyen) - Pick up the phone = Pick the phone up
(angkat telefon)
- To turn off the light = To turn the light off
- Tidak boleh dipisahkan : Objek tidak boleh diletakkan di antara kata kerja dan partikel. Ia mesti sentiasa datang selepas partikel.
- To look after someone
(menjaga seseorang)- Tidak boleh dikatakan “To look someone after”.
- Sentiasa dikatakan: “I look after my nephew every weekend”.
- To look after someone
C. Phrasal-prepositional verbs (kata kerja dengan dua partikel)
Sesetengah kata kerja menggabungkan dua partikel, dan objek mesti sentiasa diletakkan selepas kedua-duanya:
- To put up with something (bertolak ansur)
- I can't put up with the noise anymore!
- To look forward to something (tidak sabar menanti)
- I’m looking forward to the holidays.
- To get on with someone (serasi dengan seseorang)
- He gets on with his new colleagues really well.
4. Maksud literal vs. maksud kiasan
Phrasal verbs boleh mempunyai maksud literal, hampir dengan makna partikel, atau maksud kiasan yang sangat berbeza daripada kata kerja asal. Itulah sebabnya amat penting untuk belajar kata kerja ini satu per satu dan memahami yang paling kerap digunakan.
- Maksud hampir sama dengan kata kerja dan partikel:
- To come in : masuk (logik langsung: “datang” + “ke dalam”)
- To go out : keluar (logik yang sama: “pergi” + “ke luar”)
- Maksud kiasan (tidak selalu boleh diramal):
- To bring up a topic : membangkitkan/menyebut topik
- To bring up a child : membesarkan anak
- To give up : berputus asa, berhenti melakukan sesuatu
- To make up a story : mereka cerita, menipu
- To take off : berlepas (untuk kapal terbang), atau bahkan berjaya dengan cepat
- His career took off suddenly.
5. Senarai beberapa phrasal verbs yang biasa digunakan
Berikut ialah paparan beberapa phrasal verbs yang sering digunakan:
| Phrasal Verb | Maksud | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Get up | Bangun | I get up at 7 AM every day. |
| Wake up | Terjaga | He wakes up late on weekends. |
| Put on | Memakai (pakaian) | She put on her jacket before going out. |
| Take off | Menanggalkan (pakaian) / Berlepas | She took off her shoes. / The plane took off at 9 AM. |
| Look for | Mencari | I’m looking for my keys. |
| Look after | Menjaga | I look after my younger brother when my parents are away. |
| Look up to | Mengagumi | I look up to my mother; she’s my role model. |
| Look forward to | Tidak sabar menanti | I’m looking forward to my birthday party. |
| Turn on / Turn off | Menghidupkan / Mematikan | Could you turn on the lights? / Turn off the TV, please. |
| Pick up | Mengutip / Menjemput / Belajar | Pick up your clothes. / I’ll pick you up at 8 PM. / He picked up Spanish. |
| Give up | Berputus asa | I will never give up on my dreams. |
| Bring up | Membesarkan anak / Membangkitkan topik | She was brought up by her grandparents. / He brought up the issue at the meeting. |
| Catch up (with) | Mengejar (ketinggalan, tahap) / Mengemaskini | I need to catch up on my reading. / You go ahead; I’ll catch up with you later. |
| Carry on | Meneruskan | Carry on with your work. |
| Run into | Terserempak | I ran into an old friend at the supermarket. |
| Hold on | Tunggu sebentar / Jangan letak telefon | Please hold on, I’ll check the information. |
| Find out | Mengetahui, mendapat maklumat | I found out that he had moved to another city. |
| Work out | Menyelesaikan masalah / Bersenam | We need to work out a better strategy. / I work out at the gym three times a week. |
| Throw away | Membuang | Don’t throw away the receipts; you might need them. |
| Sort out | Menyelesaikan masalah, mengatur | We need to sort out this issue before the deadline. |
| Give in | Mengalah, berputus asa | He finally gave in to the pressure. |
| Call off | Membatalkan | They called off the meeting due to bad weather. |
| Break down | Rosak / Runtuh secara emosi | My car broke down on the highway. / She broke down in tears. |
| Break up | Berpisah | They broke up after five years together. |
| Set up | Menubuhkan, mendirikan | They set up a new company last year. |
| Put up with | Bertolak ansur | I can’t put up with this noise anymore. |
| Take over | Mengambil alih | The company was taken over by a competitor. |
| Back up | Membuat salinan simpanan / Menyokong | You should back up your files. / He backed up his friend during the argument. |
| Come across | Menjumpai secara tidak sengaja | I came across an interesting article online. |
| Hang up | Letak telefon | She hung up before I could say goodbye. |
| Go over | Meneliti, menyemak | Let’s go over the details before the presentation. |
| Turn down | Menolak | He turned down the job offer. |
| Bring in | Memperkenalkan, membawa masuk | The company brought in new regulations last month. |
| Run out of | Kehabisan | We ran out of milk this morning. |
| Show up | Muncul, datang | He showed up late to the meeting. |
| Make up | Mencipta / Berbaik semula | He made up an excuse. / They made up after the argument. |
| Go through | Mengalami, menghadapi (kesusahan) | She went through a tough time last year. |
| Drop in | Singgah tanpa dirancang | She dropped in to say hello. |
| Fall through | Gagal, tidak berjaya | Our vacation plans fell through due to bad weather. |
| Get in touch | Menghubungi | I need to get in touch with my lawyer. |
| Keep up with | Mengikut rentak, tidak ketinggalan | He walks so fast I can’t keep up with him. |
| Look up | Mencari maklumat (dalam kamus, di Internet) | I looked up the meaning of the word online. |
| Make up for | Membuat ganti, menebus | She tried to make up for her mistake by apologizing. |
| Narrow down | Mengurangkan, menapis senarai pilihan | We need to narrow down the candidates to three finalists. |
| Own up to | Mengaku, mengakui | He owned up to breaking the vase. |
| Step down | Meletak jawatan, berundur dari jawatan | The CEO decided to step down after ten years in office. |
Kesimpulan
Phrasal verbs adalah bahagian penting dalam menguasai bahasa Inggeris harian, dan sangat kerap muncul dalam TOEIC® Reading dan Listening. Walaupun ia mungkin mengelirukan pada mulanya kerana pelbagai maknanya serta struktur yang kompleks (boleh dipisahkan atau tidak, transitif atau intransitif), latihan akan membantu anda mengenal pasti dan menggunakan phrasal verbs dengan lebih semula jadi.