Kors dwar l-aggettivi bl-Ingliż - Preparazzjoni għat-TOEIC®

Bl-Ingliż, aggettiv jintuża biex jidkriva jew jimmodifika nomen (jew pronom). Huwa jżid informazzjoni dwar karatteristika tan-nomen: forma, kulur, daqs, oriġini, eċċ.

• A red car
  (Karozza ħamra)
• A funny joke
  (Daqqa t'għajn umoristika)
• She is generous
  (Hija ġeneruża)

Bl-Ingliż, l-aggettiv ma jinbidilx la f'ġeneru (maskili/femminili) u lanqas f'numru (singular/plural). Huwa għalhekk invarjabbli (bil-kontra tal-Franċiż).

• A happy child
  (Tifel/tifla ferħana)
• Two happy children
  (Tfal ferħanin)

Il-kelma "happy" ma tinbidilx, kemm għal tifel/tifla singular kif ukoll għal tfal plural.

1. Kif tifforma aggettiv?

L-aggettivi jistgħu jiġu formati b'ħafna modi: minn kliem eżistenti (nomeni, verbi, prefissi, suffissi) jew billi tuża participju passat u preżenti. Hawn huma l-modi differenti kif tifforma aggettiv.

A. Aggettivi derivati minn nomeni

Xi aggettivi jiġu ffurmati minn nomeni billi żżid suffissi bħal -able / -ible, -ous, -ful, -less, -ic, -ive, -al.

B. Aggettivi derivati minn aggettivi oħra

Prefissi jistgħu wkoll jitħaddmu ma' aggettivi eżistenti biex jimmodifikaw it-tifsira, ġeneralment biex jinħolqu opposti.

• He is unhappy with his results.
  (Hu imnikket bir-riżultati tiegħu).
• That’s an impossible task!
  (Dik ħidma impossibbli!)
• She was dishonest about her past.
  (Kienet mhux onesta dwar il-passat tagħha.)

Il-għażla tal-prefiss tiddependi ħafna drabi minn l-aggettiv oriġinali:

• im- qabel kelma li tibda b'm jew p (impossible, impatient)
• ir- qabel kelma li tibda b'r (irregular, irresponsible)
• il- qabel kelma li tibda b'l (illegal, illogical)

C. Aggettivi derivati minn verbi

Xi aggettivi huma derivati minn verbi, ħafna drabi billi żżid -ing jew -ed.

• Aggettivi fi -ing jiddeskrivu xi ħaġa li tikkawża emozzjoni.
  • This movie is interesting
    (Dan il-film huwa interessanti)
  • The lecture was boring
    (Il-lezzjoni kienet għajjiena).
• Aggettivi fi -ed jiddeskrivu dak li jħoss xi ħadd
  • I am interested in this book
    (Jiena interessat f'dan il-ktieb)
  • She felt bored during the lesson
    (Ħasset għajja waqt il-lezzjoni)

Parir: Persuna tkun "bored" (għajjiena) għax xi ħaġa hi "boring" (għajjiena).

• I feel tired because the trip was tiring.
• She is excited about the exciting news.

D. Participi passati użati bħala aggettivi

Bħala żieda għal-sezzjoni ta’ qabel dwar aggettivi derivati minn verbi, xi aggettivi huma fil-verità participi passati ta’ verbi.

• A broken window
  (Tieqa ksura)
• A closed door
  (Bieb magħluq)
• An interested student
  (Student interessat)
• A tired worker
  (Ħaddiem għajjien)

Dawn l-aggettivi spiss jintużaw wara l-verb to be:

• The window is broken.
  (It-tieqa hi ksura)
• I feel tired today.
  (Ninsab għajjien illum)

E. Aggettivi komposti

Bl-Ingliż, tista’ tifforma aggettivi komposti billi tgħaqqad kliem b’hyphen (-).

• He is a well-known actor.
  (Attur magħruf ħafna)
• They bought a second-hand car.
  (Xtraw karozza użata)
• She has a blue-eyed cat.
  (Għandha qattus b’għajnejh blu)

Strutturi differenti ta' aggettivi komposti:

Attenzjoni għall-hyphen

Meta dawn l-aggettivi jintużaw qabel nomen, jżommu l-hyphen (a five-year-old boy). Imma meta jintużaw wara verb bħal «to be», il-hyphen jitneħħa:

• The boy is five years old.
• The five-year-old boy.

L-aggettivi komposti huma invarjabbli

L-aggettivi komposti ma jiġux "s" fil-plural, anke jekk in-nomen fih numru.

• ✅ A five-year-old boy
• ✅ Five-year-olds
• ❌ A five-years-old boy

F. Aggettivi li jidhru bħal avverbi

Xi aggettivi li jispiċċaw bi -ly jidhru bħal avverbi imma fil-verità huma aggettivi!

• A friendly dog
• A lovely place
• An elderly person

Attenzjoni!

• He speaks fluently.
  (Jitkellem b'mod fluwenti.) → Avverb (għax qed jiddeskrivi l-verb speaks)
• He is a fluent speaker.
  (Hu oratur fluwenti.) → Aggettiv (għax qed jiddeskrivi n-nomen speaker)

Każ speċjali ta’ “very”

Bl-Ingliż, l-avverb "very" jintuża spiss biex jintensifika aggettiv.

• She is very tired.
  (Hija għajjiena ħafna.)
• This book is very interesting.
  (Dan il-ktieb hu interessanti ħafna.)
• It’s very cold outside.
  (Hemm kesħa ħafna barra.)

Iżda huwa importanti li tagħraf li għandek tuża intensifikaturi differenti ma’ aggettivi estremi (bħal incredible, freezing, huge, exhausted, amazing...). Għal dawn l-aggettivi, nużaw intensifikaturi bħal « absolutely », « completely », « totally » jew « utterly » minflok « very ».

• ❌ She is very exhausted.
  ✅ She is absolutely exhausted.
• ❌ It’s very freezing outside.
  ✅ It’s completely freezing outside.

2. Fejn titpoġġa aggettiv fil-frażi?

A. Qabel in-nomen (attributive adjective)

L-aggettiv jitpoġġa qabel in-nomen li jiddeskrivi.

• A beautiful garden
  (Ġnien sabiħ)
• An interesting book
  (Ktieb interessanti)
• A tall building
  (Bini għoli)

Regola ġenerali: Aggettivi li juru stat temporanju (afraid, asleep, awake, alive, alone, ill, glad, worth), sentiment personali (glad, sorry, ashamed, sure), jew xi ħaġa soggettiva (worth, aware, due, liable) ma jistgħux jitpoġġu qabel nomen. Jidhru biss wara verb ta’ stat (to be, to seem, to become...). Fil-qosor:

• Jekk l-aggettiv jiddeskrivi karatteristika permanenti, jitpoġġa qabel nomen
  • a happy child
• Jekk jiddeskrivi kondizzjoni jew sentiment temporanju, jiġi wara verb ta’ stat
  • The child is afraid

B. Wara verb ta’ stat (predicative adjective)

L-aggettiv jista’ jitpoġġa wara verb, ġeneralment verb ta’ stat (to be, to become, to seem, eċċ.). Jgħidulu attribut tas-suġġett.

• The house is beautiful
  (Id-dar hi sabiħa)
• He became famous
  (Sar famuż)
• They seem happy
  (Jidhru ferħanin)

Biex titgħallem aktar dwar verbi ta’ stat, ikklikkja hawn

C. F’ordni speċifiku

Meta ħafna aggettivi jintużaw biex jiddeskrivu nomen wieħed, għandek tpoġġihom f’ordni speċifiku bl-Ingliż. Dan l-ordni tipikament ikun hekk:

1. Opinion (lovely, beautiful, boring, interesting, nice...)
2. Daqs (big, small, tall, tiny...)
3. Kwalità / Stat (new, old, clean, dirty, broken...)
4. Forma (round, square, thin, flat...)
5. Kulur (red, blue, green, yellow...)
6. Oriġini (French, American, Italian...)
7. Materjal (wooden, metal, plastic, leather...)
8. Użu (sleeping bag, running shoes...)
9. Nomen (l-oġġett innifsu)

• A beautiful big old round blue French wooden dining table.
  • Opinion: beautiful
  • Daqs: big
  • Età: old
  • Forma: round
  • Kulur: blue
  • Oriġini: French
  • Materjal: wooden
  • Tip: dining
  • Nomen: table

Parir biex tiftakar: Spiss nużaw l-akronimu OSACOMP (Opinion, Size, Age, Color, Origin, Material, Purpose).

3. L-invarjabbiltà tal-aggettiv bl-Ingliż

Kif rajna aktar qabel, l-aggettiv bl-Ingliż ma jinbidilx la f'ġeneru u lanqas f'numru.

• She is a tall woman
  (Hija mara għolja)
• They are tall women
  (Huma nisa għoljin)
• He is an honest man
  (Huwa raġel onest)
• They are honest people
  (Huma nies onesti)

F’dawn il-każijiet kollha, l-aggettiv jibqa’ l-istess (“tall”, “honest”) irrispettivament minn numru jew ġeneru.

4. Lista mhux kompluta ta’ aggettivi komuni

Hawn lista ta’ aggettivi utli li tara spiss, kemm fil-ħajja ta’ kuljum kif ukoll fl-eżami TOEIC®:

1. Big / Small
   • I live in a big house.
   • She has a small car.
2. New / Old
   • He bought a new phone.
   • I have an old computer.
3. Young / Old (għall-età ta’ persuna)
   • He is very young.
   • My grandfather is old but very active.
4. Happy / Sad
   • They look happy today.
   • She seems sad.
5. Beautiful / Ugly
   • What a beautiful sunset!
   • He thinks his painting is ugly.
6. Important / Unimportant
   • This document is important.
   • Don’t worry about unimportant details.
7. Expensive / Cheap
   • This watch is too expensive.
   • They found a cheap hotel.
8. Easy / Difficult
   • That test was easy.
   • This exercise is difficult.
9. Interesting / Boring
   • The film was interesting.
   • I found the lecture boring.
10. Famous / Unknown
    • He is a famous singer.
    • The author is relatively unknown.

Konklużjoni

L-aggettivi bl-Ingliż huma relattivament faċli biex titgħallem meta tkun taf:

1. Il-pożizzjoni tagħhom (qabel in-nomen jew wara verb ta’ stat)
2. Il-fatt li ma jinbidlux f’ġeneru jew numru
3. L-ordni konvenzjonali meta tuża aktar minn aggettiv wieħed
4. Il-formazzjoni tagħhom fil-comparative u superlative, inklużi l-formi irregolari

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