Kors dwar il-komparattivi bl-Ingliż - Preparazzjoni TOEIC®
Il-komparattiv jintuża biex tqabbel żewġ elementi billi tispeċifika li karatteristika hija iktar, inqas, jew daqs kemm tidher f’wieħed milli fl-ieħor. Il-formazzjoni tiegħu tvarja skont it-tul u n-natura tal-adjetttiv użat.
1. Tqabbel 2 affarijiet b’adjetttivi qosra
Adjetttiv jitqies qosor meta jkun magħmul minn:
- Sillaba waħda biss (small, big, tall).
- Żewġ sillabi li jispiċċaw b’-y (happy, easy, funny).
Biex tifforma l-komparattiv b’adjetttivi qosra, din hija r-regola:
A. Jekk l-adjetttiv għandu sillaba waħda
Fil-komparattiv ta’ superjorità, żid sempliċement "er" segwit minn "than".
| Tip ta’ adjetttiv | Komparattiv ta’ superjorità | Komparattiv ta’ inferjorità | Komparattiv ta’ ugwaljanza |
|---|---|---|---|
| tall (kbir/kbira) | taller than (iktar għoli minn) Tom is taller than his brother. (Tom huwa iktar għoli minn ħuħ.) | less tall than (inqas għoli minn) Tom is less tall than Mike. (Tom huwa inqas għoli minn Mike.) | as tall as (daqs kemm għoli kemm) Tom is as tall as his father. (Tom huwa daqs kemm għoli kemm missieru.) |
| fast (mgħaġġel) | faster than (iktar mgħaġġel minn) The new car is faster than the old one. (Il-karozza l-ġdida hija iktar mgħaġġla minn l-antika.) | less fast than (inqas mgħaġġel minn) This bike is less fast than my car. (Din ir-rota hija inqas mgħaġġla minn il-karozza tiegħi.) | as fast as (daqs kemm mgħaġġel kemm) This train is as fast as the other one. (Dan il-ferrovija huwa daqs kemm mgħaġġel kemm l-ieħor.) |
| short (qosor) | shorter than (iktar qasir minn) This road is shorter than the other one. (Din it-triq hija iktar qasira minn l-oħra.) | less short than (inqas qasir minn) This book is less short than the previous one. (Dan il-ktieb huwa inqas qasir minn dak ta’ qabel.) | as short as (daqs kemm qasir kemm) This speech is as short as the last one. (Dan id-diskors huwa daqs kemm qasir kemm l-aħħar wieħed.) |
B. Jekk l-adjetttiv għandu sillaba waħda u jispiċċa b’konsonanti
Fil-komparattiv ta’ superjorità, għal adjetttivi qosra ta’ sillaba waħda fejn il-kelma tispiċċa b’struttura konsonanti + vokali + konsonanti, iddoppja l-aħħar konsonanti qabel iżżid "er".
| Adjetttiv qasir | Komparattiv ta’ superjorità | Komparattiv ta’ inferjorità | Komparattiv ta’ ugwaljanza |
|---|---|---|---|
| big (kbir/kbira) | bigger than (iktar kbir minn) This sofa is bigger than the one in the other room. (Dan is-sufan huwa iktar kbir minn dak fl-ieħor kamra.) | less big than (inqas kbir minn) This apartment is less big than my house. (Dan l-appartament huwa inqas kbir minn dari.) | as big as (daqs kemm kbir kemm) This dog is as big as a wolf. (Dan il-kelb huwa daqs kemm kbir kemm il-lupu.) |
| hot (sħun/sħuna) | hotter than (iktar sħun minn) Today is hotter than yesterday. (Illum huwa iktar sħun minn ilbieraħ.) | less hot than (inqas sħun minn) This summer is less hot than last year. (Dan is-sajf huwa inqas sħun minn is-sena l-oħra.) | as hot as (daqs kemm sħun kemm) The tea is as hot as coffee. (It-te huwa daqs kemm sħun kemm il-kafè.) |
| thin (ħafif) | thinner than (iktar ħafif minn) She looks thinner than last year. (Hija tidher iktar ħafifa minn is-sena l-oħra.) | less thin than (inqas ħafif minn) This paper is less thin than the one before. (Din il-karta hija inqas ħafifa minn dik ta’ qabel.) | as thin as (daqs kemm ħafif kemm) This model is as thin as her colleague. (Dan il-mudell huwa daqs kemm ħafif kemm il-kollega tagħha.) |
C. Jekk l-adjetttiv għandu żewġ sillabi u jispiċċa b’-y
Fil-komparattiv ta’ superjorità, għal adjetttivi ta’ żewġ sillabi li jispiċċaw bi-"y", ibdel il-“y” b’“i”, imbagħad iżżid “er” u “than”.
- happy → happier than (iktar kuntent minn)
- She looks happier than yesterday.
(Tidher iktar kuntenta minn ilbieraħ.)
- She looks happier than yesterday.
- easy → easier than (iktar faċli minn)
- This exercise is easier than the previous one.
(Dan l-eżerċizzju huwa iktar faċli minn dak ta’ qabel.)
- This exercise is easier than the previous one.
- funny → funnier than (iktar divertenti minn)
- This comedian is funnier than the one we saw last week.
(Dan il-komiku huwa iktar divertenti minn dak li rajna ġimgħa ilu.)
- This comedian is funnier than the one we saw last week.
| Adjetttiv qasir (-y) | Komparattiv ta’ superjorità | Komparattiv ta’ inferjorità | Komparattiv ta’ ugwaljanza |
|---|---|---|---|
| happy (kuntent) | happier than (iktar kuntent minn) She looks happier than yesterday. (Tidher iktar kuntenta minn ilbieraħ.) | less happy than (inqas kuntent minn) He is less happy than before. (Hu inqas kuntent minn qabel.) | as happy as (daqs kemm kuntent kemm) She is as happy as her sister. (Hija daqs kemm kuntenta kemm oħtha.) |
| easy (faċli) | easier than (iktar faċli minn) This exercise is easier than the previous one. (Dan l-eżerċizzju huwa iktar faċli minn dak ta’ qabel.) | less easy than (inqas faċli minn) This test is less easy than the last one. (Dan it-test huwa inqas faċli minn l-aħħar wieħed.) | as easy as (daqs kemm faċli kemm) The exam was as easy as I expected. (L-eżami kien daqs kemm faċli kemm stennejt.) |
| funny (divertenti) | funnier than (iktar divertenti minn) This comedian is funnier than the one we saw last week. (Dan il-komiku huwa iktar divertenti minn dak li rajna ġimgħa ilu.) | less funny than (inqas divertenti minn) The movie was less funny than I thought. (Il-film kien inqas divertenti minn ma ħsibt.) | as funny as (daqs kemm divertenti kemm) This show is as funny as the last one. (Dan l-ispettaklu huwa daqs kemm divertenti kemm l-aħħar wieħed.) |
2. Tqabbel żewġ affarijiet b’adjetttivi twal
Adjetttiv jitqies “tul” meta jkollu żewġ sillabi jew aktar u ma jispiċċax bi-“y” (eż. important, expensive, comfortable).
| Adjetttiv twil | Komparattiv ta’ superjorità | Komparattiv ta’ inferjorità | Komparattiv ta’ ugwaljanza |
|---|---|---|---|
| expensive (għali/għalja) | more expensive than (iktar għali minn) This car is more expensive than that one. (Din il-karozza hija iktar għalja minn dik.) | less expensive than (inqas għali minn) This phone is less expensive than the latest model. (Dan it-telefon huwa inqas għali minn l-aħħar mudell.) | as expensive as (daqs kemm għali kemm) This hotel is as expensive as the one in Paris. (Dan il-lukanda huwa daqs kemm għali kemm dak f’Pariġi.) |
| beautiful (sabiħ/sabiħa) | more beautiful than (iktar sabiħ minn) This painting is more beautiful than the one in the hallway. (Din il-pittura hija iktar sabiħa minn dik fil-kuritur.) | less beautiful than (inqas sabiħ minn) This dress is less beautiful than the red one. (Din il-libsa hija inqas sabiħa minn dik ħamra.) | as beautiful as (daqs kemm sabiħ kemm) This garden is as beautiful as the one in Versailles. (Dan il-ġnien huwa daqs kemm sabiħ kemm dak f’Versailles.) |
| comfortable (komdu/komda) | more comfortable than (iktar komdu minn) This sofa is more comfortable than the chair. (Dan is-sufan huwa iktar komdu minn is-siġġu.) | less comfortable than (inqas komdu minn) This bed is less comfortable than mine. (Dan is-sodda huwa inqas komdu minn tiegħi.) | as comfortable as (daqs kemm komdu kemm) This hotel room is as comfortable as my bedroom. (Din il-kamra tal-lukanda hija daqs kemm komda kemm il-kamra tiegħi.) |
3. Adjetttivi irregolari fil-komparattiv
Xi adjetttivi għandhom forom komparattivi u superlattivi irregolari li ma ssegwux ir-regoli ta’ qabel. Dawn huma l-aktar komuni:
| Adjetttiv | Komparattiv ta’ superjorità | Komparattiv ta’ inferjorità | Komparattiv ta’ ugwaljanza |
|---|---|---|---|
| good (tajjeb/tajba) | better than (aħjar minn) This book is better than the one I read last week. (Dan il-ktieb huwa aħjar minn dak li qrajt il-ġimgħa li għaddiet.) | less good than (inqas tajjeb minn) This restaurant is less good than the one we went to last time. (Dan ir-ristorant huwa inqas tajjeb minn dak li morna l-aħħar darba.) | as good as (daqs kemm tajjeb kemm) This movie is as good as the original. (Dan il-film huwa daqs kemm tajjeb kemm l-oriġinali.) |
| bad (ħażin/ħażina) | worse than (agħar minn) Her result is worse than mine. (Ir-riżultat tagħha huwa agħar minn tiegħi.) | less bad than (inqas ħażin minn) This option is less bad than the other one. (Din l-għażla hija inqas ħażina minn l-oħra.) | as bad as (daqs kemm ħażin kemm) His cooking is as bad as mine. (It-tisjir tiegħu huwa daqs kemm ħażin kemm tiegħi.) |
| far (’il bogħod) | farther than (iktar ’il bogħod minn, għal distanza fiżika) Paris is farther than Lyon from here. (Pariġi hija iktar ’il bogħod minn Lyon minn hawn.) further than (iktar ’il bogħod minn, għal kunċetti astratti) The situation requires further explanation. (Is-sitwazzjoni tirrikjedi spjegazzjoni iktar fil-fond.) | less far than (inqas ’il bogħod minn) New York is less far than Los Angeles from here. (New York huwa inqas ’il bogħod minn Los Angeles minn hawn.) | as far as (daqs kemm ’il bogħod kemm) She can run as far as her brother. (Tista’ tħaddem daqs kemm ’il bogħod kemm ħuha.) |
| little (ftit, żgħir) | less than (inqas minn) I have less time than before. (Għandi inqas ħin minn qabel.) | / | as little as (daqs kemm ftit kemm) He speaks as little as his sister. (Jitkellem daqs kemm ftit kemm oħtu.) |
| many/much (ħafna) | more than (iktar minn) She has more friends than me. (Għandha iktar ħbieb minni.) This job requires more effort than the previous one. (Din ix-xogħol jitlob iktar sforz minn dak ta’ qabel.) | less than (inqas minn) I drink less water than I should. (Nixrob inqas ilma milli suppost.) | as many as (daqs kemm ħafna kemm, għal sustantivi denumerabbli) He has as many books as his sister. (Għandu daqs kemm kotba kemm oħtu.) as much as (daqs kemm ħafna kemm, għal sustantivi indenumerabbli) She earns as much money as her colleague. (Taqqad daqs kemm flus kemm il-kollega tagħha.) |
4. Tipi differenti ta’ komparattiv
A. Il-komparattiv ta’ inferjorità: “inqas ... minn”
Biex tiffurma l-komparattiv ta’ inferjorità, tuża l-istruttura less + adjetttiv + than. Din ir-regola tapplika għal kull adjetttiv, tkun xi tkun it-tul tiegħu.
- This chair is less comfortable than the armchair.
(Dan is-siġġu huwa inqas komdu minn il-fotolju.) - He is less patient than his brother.
(Hu inqas paċenzjuż minn ħuħ.)
B. Il-komparattiv ta’ ugwaljanza: “daqs kemm ... kemm” / “daqs kemm ħafna kemm”
Il-komparattiv ta’ ugwaljanza jindika li karatteristika hija identika bejn żewġ elementi.
- Bis-sustantiv: the same + sustantiv + as
- She bought the same dress as me.
(Xtrat l-istess libsa bħal jien.)
- She bought the same dress as me.
- Bl-adjetttiv: as + adjetttiv + as
- The task is as difficult as I thought.
(Il-kompitu huwa daqs kemm diffiċli kemm ħsibt.)
- The task is as difficult as I thought.
Varjazzjonijiet
Hemm xi varjazzjonijiet biex tesprimi l-komparattiv ta’ ugwaljanza:
- Fil-forma negattiva: not as ... as (≃ less ... than)
- It is not as effective as we expected
(Mhuwiex daqs kemm effettiv kemm stennejna.)
- It is not as effective as we expected
- Kważi daqs kemm ... kemm: almost / nearly as + adjetttiv + as
- The project is nearly as complex as the last one.
(Il-proġett huwa kważi daqs kemm kumpless kemm l-aħħar wieħed.)
- The project is nearly as complex as the last one.
- Eżatt daqs kemm ... kemm: just as + adjetttiv + as
- This solution is just as practical as the first one.
(Din is-soluzzjoni hija eżatt daqs kemm prattika kemm l-ewwel waħda.)
- This solution is just as practical as the first one.
- Darba/eż att aktar/inqas (minn): twice / half as ... (as ...)
- This apartment is twice as big as my old one.
(Dan l-appartament huwa darbtejn iktar kbir minn dak l-antik.)
- This apartment is twice as big as my old one.
- N darbiet aktar għali (minn): N times as expensive (as ...)
- This watch is five times as expensive as mine.
(Dan l-arloġġ huwa ħames darbiet iktar għali minn tiegħi.)
- This watch is five times as expensive as mine.
Tqabbel il-kwantitajiet
Għal tqabbel kwantitajiet, tuża “as much as” ma’ sustantivi indenumerabbli u “as many as” ma’ sustantivi denumerabbli.
- “As much as” jintuża ma’ sustantivi indenumerabbli:
- She earns as much money as her colleague.
(Taqqad daqs kemm flus kemm il-kollega tagħha.) - This recipe requires as much sugar as the other one.
(Din ir-riċetta tirrikjedi daqs kemm zokkor kemm l-oħra.)
- She earns as much money as her colleague.
- “As many as” jintuża ma’ sustantivi denumerabbli:
- He has as many responsibilities as his manager.
(Għandu daqs kemm responsabbiltajiet kemm il-maniġer tiegħu.) - There were as many guests at the party as last year.
(Kien hemm daqs kemm mistednin kemm fil-festa tas-sena l-oħra.)
- He has as many responsibilities as his manager.
C. “Dejjem aktar ...”, “dejjem inqas ...”
Biex tesprimi progressjoni jew tnaqqis fil-ħin, tuża l-istruttura “komparattiv + and + komparattiv”.
- It is getting colder and colder outside.
(Qed isir dejjem aktar kiesaħ barra.) - The city is becoming more and more crowded.
(Il-belt qed issir dejjem aktar mimlija nies.) - He is getting less and less interested in his job.
(Qiegħed dejjem inqas interessat fix-xogħol tiegħu.)
D. “Aktar ma ..., aktar ma ...” u “Aktar ma ..., inqas ma ...”
Biex tesprimi relazzjoni ta’ kawża u effett bejn żewġ elementi, tuża l-istruttura “the + komparattiv, the + komparattiv”.
- The healthier you eat, the better you feel.
(Aktar ma tiekol b’saħħtu, aktar tħossok tajjeb.) - The more experience you have, the easier it gets.
(Aktar esperjenza jkollok, aktar isir faċli.) - The faster you run, the more exhausted you get.
(Aktar ma taħdem malajr, aktar tiġi għajjien.)
E. Nwansar tqabbil
Biex tesprimi tqabbil b’aktar preċiżjoni, tista’ tpoġġi avverbi quddiem il-komparattiv, bħal slightly, a bit, somewhat, much, far, a great deal.
- This jacket is slightly more expensive than the other one.
(Din il-ġakketta hija ftit iktar għolja minn l-oħra.) - The problem is far more complex than expected.
(Il-problema hija ħafna iktar kumplessa milli stennejt.) - This laptop is a bit faster than my old one.
(Dan il-laptop huwa ftit iktar mgħaġġel minn dak l-antik.)
B’“even” biex tisħaq
- The situation is even worse than we thought.
(Is-sitwazzjoni hija saħansitra agħar milli ħsibna.)
B’“any” jew “no” biex tenfasizza nuqqas ta’ differenza
- The new version is no better than the previous one.
(Il-verżjoni l-ġdida mhix aħjar minn dik ta’ qabel.) - We can’t wait any longer for an answer.
(Ma nistgħux nistennew aktar għal tweġiba.)
F. Tqabbel kwantitajiet (sustantivi denumerabbli u indenumerabbli)
Biex tqabbel kwantitajiet u ammonti, tuża more, less, fewer, not as much as, not as many as, eċċ.
- Għal sustantivi denumerabbli (fewer, more, many)
- We need to hire more employees this year.
(Jeħtieġ li nimpjegaw aktar impjegati din is-sena.) - There are fewer opportunities in this industry than before.
(Hemm inqas opportunitajiet f’dan is-settur milli kien hemm qabel.) - She doesn’t have as many tasks as her colleague.
(M’għandhiex daqs kemm kompiti kemm il-kollega tagħha.)
- We need to hire more employees this year.
- Għal sustantivi indenumerabbli (less, more, much)
- He has more patience than I do.
(Għandu aktar paċenzja minni.) - We should consume less sugar.
(Għandna nikkunsmaw inqas zokkor.) - We didn’t gain as much profit as last year.
(Ma ksibniex daqs kemm profitt kemm is-sena l-oħra.)
- He has more patience than I do.
Konklużjoni
Bħala konklużjoni, il-komparattiv bl-Ingliż jippermetti li tqabbel żewġ elementi b’diversi modi:
- Il-komparattiv ta’ inferjorità (less ... than) biex tesprimi "inqas minn"
- Il-komparattiv ta’ ugwaljanza (as ... as) biex tesprimi "daqs kemm ... kemm"
- Varjazzjonijiet bħall- "kważi daqs kemm" (almost/nearly as), "eżatt daqs kemm" (just as)
- Espressjonijiet ta’ kwantità b’"as much as" (indenumerabbli) u "as many as" (denumerabbli)
- Progressjonijiet b’"dejjem aktar" (more and more) u "dejjem inqas" (less and less)
- Relazzjonijiet ta’ kawża u effett b’"aktar ma..., aktar ma..." (the... the)