Kors dwar il-kliem ta' rabta - Preparazzjoni TOEIC®
Il-kliem ta' rabta, magħrufa wkoll bħala « linking words » jew « connectors », jservu biex jgħaqqdu l-ideat u jagħmlu t-test jew id-diskors aktar fluwidu. F'dan il-kors, se nerġgħu naraw it-tipi ewlenin ta' kliem ta' rabta, maqsmuma fi kategoriji differenti.
1. Il-kliem ta' rabta biex iżżid jew telenka l-ideat
Dawn il-kliem jippermettu li tintroduċi informazzjoni ġdida, tikkumplimenta idea jew tistruttura punti f'ordni loġiku (kronoloġiku jew ta' importanza).
| Kliem | Traduzzjoni | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| and | u | I like watching movies and reading books. |
| also | ukoll | She works as a teacher; she also does volunteer work on weekends. |
| as well | ukoll / wkoll | He's a talented singer as well as a skilled guitarist. |
| in addition | barra minn hekk / wkoll | She speaks Spanish. In addition, she understands French. |
| moreover | barra minn hekk | He was late. Moreover, he didn’t bring his notes. |
| furthermore | barra minn hekk / wkoll | We have no time. Furthermore, we lack the necessary equipment. |
| besides | barra minn hekk / ukoll | I don’t like horror films. Besides, they scare me. |
| first / firstly | l-ewwel / l-ewwel nett | First, let me introduce the main topic of the meeting. |
| second / secondly | it-tieni | Second, we will examine the results of the survey. |
| third / thirdly | it-tielet | Third, we’ll compare these results to last year’s data. |
| next | imbagħad | Next, we need to analyze the data in more detail. |
| then | wara / wara hekk | Then, we’ll move on to the final discussion. |
| finally | fl-aħħar | Finally, we’ll summarize our conclusions. |
| lastly | fl-aħħar nett | Lastly, we should thank everyone for their contributions. |
| last but not least | fl-aħħar imma mhux l-inqas | Last but not least, let’s address the financial aspect. |
Nuances / Eċċezzjonijiet
- « And » huwa l-aktar kliem bażiku ta' rabta. Jgħaqqad sempliċement żewġ elementi jew ideat.
- « Beside(s) » jista' jfisser « ħdejn » bħala prepożizzjoni (eż. "The phone is beside the lamp.") imma bħala connector, « besides » ifisser « barra minn hekk / ukoll ».
- Il-formi first/firstly, second/secondly, eċċ huma interkambjabbli, imma l-forma bil-« -ly » kultant titqies aktar formali.
2. Il-kliem ta' rabta biex tesprimi l-kawża u l-konsegwenza
Dawn jindikaw għaliex xi ħaġa sseħħ (kawża) u x'inhu r-riżultat (konsegwenza).
Tesprimi l-kawża
| Kliem | Traduzzjoni | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| because | għax | I stayed home because it was raining heavily. |
| since | peress / billi | Since you’re here early, let’s start the meeting now. |
| as | billi / peress li | As I was busy, I couldn’t attend the conference. |
| due to | minħabba / kawża ta' | The game was canceled due to bad weather. |
| owing to | minħabba | Owing to the traffic, we arrived late. |
Tesprimi l-konsegwenza
| Kliem | Traduzzjoni | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| so | allura / għalhekk | It was raining, so I took an umbrella. |
| therefore | għalhekk | She didn’t study; therefore, she failed the exam. |
| thus | hekk / għalhekk | He saved money; thus, he could afford a new car. |
| as a result | bħala riżultat / għalhekk | Sales increased. As a result, the company hired more staff. |
| consequently | għalhekk | The project failed. Consequently, they lost their funding. |
| hence | għalhekk | He was the best performer; hence, his rapid promotion. |
Nuances / Eċċezzjonijiet
- « So » huwa komuni ħafna fid-diskors mitkellem.
- « Therefore », « thus », « consequently » u « hence » spiss jintużaw f'stil aktar formali jew miktub.
- « Due to » u « owing to » jintużaw qabel noun jew gerund.
- The cancellation of the event was due to bad weather.
- Owing to arriving late, he missed the beginning of the movie.
3. Il-kliem ta' rabta biex tesprimi l-kundizzjoni
| Kliem | Traduzzjoni | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| if | jekk | If it rains, we’ll stay home. |
| unless | sakemm mhux / jekk mhux | I won’t go out unless you come with me. |
| provided (that) | basta | I’ll lend you the book provided (that) you give it back soon. |
| providing (that) | basta / sakemm | We’ll succeed providing (that) we all work together. |
| as long as | sakemm / sakemm idum | You can stay out as long as you call me if you need anything. |
| on condition that | bil-kundizzjoni li | He will sign the contract on condition that we respect the deadline. |
| in case | f'każ li / jekk jiġri | Take an umbrella in case it rains. |
Nuances / Eċċezzjonijiet
- « Unless » ifisser « jekk mhux », mela s-sentenza tesprimi negazzjoni impliċita.
- « I won't go unless... » = « Ma mmurx jekk mhux... »
- « Provided (that) » u « providing (that) » spiss huma interkambjabbli, imma « provided that » hija aktar komuni f'kuntesti formali.
4. Il-kliem ta' rabta biex tesprimi l-oppożizzjoni jew il-konċessjoni
Tesprimi l-oppożizzjoni
| Kliem | Traduzzjoni | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| but | imma | He is rich, but he is not happy. |
| however | madankollu | I like the city; however, I prefer the countryside. |
| yet | xorta / madankollu | It seemed easy at first, yet it turned out complicated. |
| nevertheless | minkejja kollox | They lost the match; nevertheless, they played bravely. |
| nonetheless | minkejja kollox | It’s raining; nonetheless, we decided to go hiking. |
| still | xorta / xorta waħda | She apologized; still, he remained upset. |
| whereas | filwaqt li | She loves jazz, whereas her brother prefers rock music. |
| while | filwaqt li | While I like sweets, I try to eat healthy. |
| on the other hand | min-naħa l-oħra | The city is noisy; on the other hand, it’s very vibrant. |
Tesprimi l-konċessjoni
| Kliem | Traduzzjoni | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| although | għalkemm | Although it was late, we kept studying. |
| even though | anke jekk / għalkemm | She won even though she was injured. |
| though | għalkemm / minkejja | Though it was difficult, he managed to finish on time. |
| despite | minkejja | Despite the rain, they continued their trip. |
| in spite of | minkejja | In spite of her fear, she gave a great speech. |
| even if | anke jekk | We will go out even if it starts raining later. |
Nuances / Eċċezzjonijiet
- « But » huwa l-aktar sempliċi u frekwenti biex tindika oppożizzjoni diretta.
- « Though » jista' jitpoġġa fl-aħħar ta' sentenza f'stil aktar informali
- I’m not sure, though.
- « Despite » u « in spite of » jiġu segwiti minn noun jew gerund.
- Despite the rain, they continued playing.
- In spite of having no experience, he got the job.
5. Il-kliem ta' rabta biex tesprimi l-għan
| Kliem | Traduzzjoni | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| to | biex / sabiex | He works hard to achieve his dreams. |
| in order to | sabiex / biex | She left early in order to catch the first train. |
| so as to | sabiex | We must prepare everything so as to avoid any delay. |
| so that | sabiex / biex | Turn down the music so that the neighbors won’t complain. |
| in order that | sabiex | We set up a meeting in order that everyone can participate. |
Nuances / Eċċezzjonijiet
- « To » hija l-aktar forma sempliċi biex tesprimi l-għan, u ġeneralment tiġi segwita minn verb fl-infinitive.
- « So that » u « in order that » spiss jintroduċu proposizzjoni li fiha suġġett u verb.
- I explained it clearly so that everyone could understand.
6. Il-kliem ta' rabta biex tagħti eżempji jew tikkjarifika
| Kliem | Traduzzjoni | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| for example | pereżempju | Some countries, for example, Italy, are famous for their cuisine. |
| for instance | pereżempju | There are many social networks; for instance, TikTok and Instagram. |
| such as | bħal / bħalma | He likes outdoor activities such as hiking and kayaking. |
| like | bħal | She enjoys sports like football and basketball. |
| e.g. | (exempli gratia) | You should eat more fruits (e.g., apples, bananas, oranges). |
| specifically | speċifikament | She focuses on sustainable energy, specifically solar power. |
| to illustrate | biex nillustra | To illustrate, let’s look at last year’s revenue figures. |
Nuances / Eċċezzjonijiet
- « Such as » u « like » ġeneralment jiġu segwiti minn eżempji konkreti.
- « e.g. » hija abbrevjazzjoni Latina, u tintuża l-aktar f'stil formali jew akkademiku, spiss fil-parentesi.
- « For example » u « for instance » jintużaw b'mod interkambjabbli biex jitintroduċu eżempju.
7. Il-kliem ta' rabta biex tissintetizza jew tikkonkludi
| Kliem | Traduzzjoni | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| in conclusion | fil-konklużjoni | In conclusion, both methods can be effective. |
| to sum up | biex insummaru | To sum up, we need more resources to complete this project. |
| in summary | fil-qosor | In summary, we’ve covered all the major points. |
| all in all | kollox meqjus / fil-qosor | All in all, it was a successful event. |
| overall | b'mod ġenerali | Overall, the feedback has been positive. |
| to conclude | biex nikkonkludu | To conclude, let’s review the final recommendations. |
| briefly | fil-qosor | Briefly, the test results are better than expected. |
| in short | fil-qosor / b'mod qasir | In short, we need a better strategy. |
Nuances / Eċċezzjonijiet
- « In conclusion » u « to conclude » huma ta' stil aktar formali.
- « All in all » u « in short » huma kemmxejn aktar informali u spiss jintużaw fid-diskors mitkellem.
Konklużjoni
Il-kliem ta' rabta huma essenzjali biex tistruttura s-sentenzi bl-Ingliż. Jagħmlu d-diskors aktar ċar, aktar fluwidu u aktar loġiku. Fit-TOEIC®, li tkun tajjeb fil-kliem ta' rabta huwa kruċjali, speċjalment fis-sezzjoni Reading, fejn jgħinek tifhem ir-rabtiet loġiċi bejn l-ideat, kif ukoll fis-sezzjoni Listening, fejn jgħinek issegwi l-andament ta' konversazzjoni jew diskors.