Kors fuq il-verbi b'partikula - Preparazzjoni għat-TOEIC®
Verbu b'partikula (magħruf ukoll bħala « phrasal verb ») huwa verb li jiġi kkombinat ma' kelma żgħira (spiss up, out, in, off, on, over, away, eċċ.). Pereżempju, « to look » ifisser « iħares », imma « to look after » ifisser « jieħu ħsieb / jara għal » u « to look up to » ifisser « jammira ».
Dawn il-partikuli għandhom rwol essenzjali: jistgħu jew jinbidlu t-tifsira tal-verb kompletament, jew jagħtu sfumatura speċjali. Hawn eżempju tipiku:
- To break: jikser
- To break down: jinqala' ħsara / jċedi emozzjonalment
- To break in: jidħol b'forza
- To break up: jinfired (jtemm relazzjoni)
1. Kif jinħolqu l-verbi b'partikula?
Il-prinċipju bażiku hu sempliċi: tgħaqqad verb u partikula. Il-partikula tista’ tkun:
- Prepożizzjoni (in, on, at, by, after, for, eċċ.).
- To run into someone (tiltaqa’ ma’ xi ħadd b’kumbinazzjoni)
- Avverbju (up, down, away, off, eċċ.).
- To sit down (joqgħod bilqiegħda)
- To go away (jitlaq)
Xi kultant, jintużaw żewġ partikuli, u dan jissejjaħ phrasal-prepositional verb.
- To put up with something (tittollera xi ħaġa)
→ hawn il-partikula hija « up with ».
2. Il-kategoriji differenti tal-verbi b'partikula
A. Verbi b'partikula tranżittivi u intranżittivi
- Tranżittivi: Jeħtieġu komplement tal-oġġett (dirett jew indirett).
- To put out a fire (jitfi nar) → « a fire » huwa d-direkt objekt.
- To hand in a paper (jgħaddi kompitu) → « a paper » huwa l-komplement.
- Intranżittivi: Ma jeħtiġux komplement tal-oġġett.
- To break down (jinqala' ħsara) → l-ebda komplement speċifikat.
- To go away (jitlaq) → xejn ma jsegwi direttament il-verb.
Id-Direttes Objekt (Complément d'Objet Direct) jikkumplimenta direttament il-verb, mingħajr prepożizzjoni. Tista’ ssibha billi tistaqsi "xiex?" jew "min?" wara l-verb. → Qed niekol tuffieħa. → Qed niekol XIEH? tuffieħa
L-Indirektes Objekt (Complément d'Objet Indirect) jikkumplimenta l-verb bi prepożizzjoni (għal, minn, għaliex, eċċ.). Tista’ ssibha billi tistaqsi "għal min/xiex?", "minn min?", eċċ. → Qed nitkellem mal-ħabib tiegħi. → Qed nitkellem MA’ MIN? mal-ħabib tiegħi.
Eċċezzjoni mal-pronomi
Jekk il-komplement huwa pronom, allura GĦANDU jkun imqiegħed bejn il-verb u l-partikula.
- ✅ I turned it off.
❌ I turned off it. - ✅ She picked him up.
❌ She picked up him. - ✅ Can you put it on?
❌ Can you put on it?
B. Verbi b'partikula separabbli u mhux separabbli (għal verbi tranżittivi)
- Separabbli: Il-komplement jista’ jitpoġġa bejn il-verb u l-partikula jew wara l-partikula.
- To turn off the light = To turn the light off
« off » jista’ jitqiegħed wara « light » jew wara « turn ». - Turn off the TV = Turn the TV off
(itfi t-televiżjoni) - Pick up the phone = Pick the phone up
(wieġeb it-telefon)
- To turn off the light = To turn the light off
- Mhux separabbli: Il-komplement ma jistax jitpoġġa bejn il-verb u l-partikula. Dejjem irid jiġi wara l-partikula.
- To look after someone
(jieħu ħsieb xi ħadd)- Ma tistax tgħid « To look someone after ».
- Dejjem tgħid: « I look after my nephew every weekend ».
- To look after someone
C. Il-verbi b’żewġ partikuli (phrasal-prepositional verbs)
Xi verbi jgħaqqdu żewġ partikuli, u l-komplement dejjem għandu jiġi wara:
- To put up with something (tittollera)
- I can’t put up with the noise anymore!
- To look forward to something (ħerqan għal)
- I’m looking forward to the holidays.
- To get on with someone (jaqbel tajjeb ma’ xi ħadd)
- He gets on with his new colleagues really well.
4. Tifsira letterali vs. figurattiva
Il-verbi b'partikula jistgħu jkollhom jew tifsira letterali, qrib it-tifsira tal-partikula, jew tifsira figurattiva li tvarja kompletament mill-verb oriġinali. Għalhekk huwa essenzjali titgħallem dawn il-verbi individwalment u tkun taf sew l-aktar użati.
- Tifsira qrib il-verb u l-partikula:
- To come in: jidħol (tifsira diretta: « jiġi » + « ġewwa »)
- To go out: joħroġ (l-istess loġika: « imur » + « barra »)
- Tifsira figurattiva (mhux dejjem prevedibbli):
- To bring up a topic: isemmi suġġett, jidħol b’suġġett f’diskussjoni
- To bring up a child: iħarreġ jew irabbi tifel/tifla
- To give up: jabbanduna, jieqaf jagħmel xi ħaġa
- To make up a story: jinventa storja, jigdeb
- To take off: itir (għal ajruplan), jew jirnexxi ħafna f’daqqa waħda
- His career took off suddenly.
5. Lista ta’ xi verbi b'partikula komuni
Hawn taħt hemm ħarsa ġenerali lejn verbi b’partikula li jintużaw ħafna:
| Phrasal Verb | Tifsira | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| Get up | Jqum | I get up at 7 AM every day. |
| Wake up | Jqum mir-raqda | He wakes up late on weekends. |
| Put on | Ilbes (ħwejjeġ) | She put on her jacket before going out. |
| Take off | Neħħi (ħwejjeġ) / Itir | She took off her shoes. / The plane took off at 9 AM. |
| Look for | Ifittex | I’m looking for my keys. |
| Look after | Jieħu ħsieb | I look after my younger brother when my parents are away. |
| Look up to | Jammira | I look up to my mother; she’s my role model. |
| Look forward to | Ħerqan għal | I’m looking forward to my birthday party. |
| Turn on / Turn off | Ixgħel / Itfi | Could you turn on the lights? / Turn off the TV, please. |
| Pick up | Irfa’ / Mur jiġbor / Tgħallem | Pick up your clothes. / I’ll pick you up at 8 PM. / He picked up Spanish. |
| Give up | Jabbanduna | I will never give up on my dreams. |
| Bring up | Irabbi tifel/tifla / Isemmi suġġett | She was brought up by her grandparents. / He brought up the issue at the meeting. |
| Catch up (with) | Ilaħħaq (ma’ xi ħadd jew xogħol) | I need to catch up on my reading. / You go ahead; I’ll catch up with you later. |
| Carry on | Ikkompli | Carry on with your work. |
| Run into | Jiltaqa’ b’kumbinazzjoni | I ran into an old friend at the supermarket. |
| Hold on | Stenna / Tibqax fuq il-linja | Please hold on, I’ll check the information. |
| Find out | Jiskopri, jitgħallem xi ħaġa ġdida | I found out that he had moved to another city. |
| Work out | Isolvi problema / Eżerċizzju fiżiku | We need to work out a better strategy. / I work out at the gym three times a week. |
| Throw away | Armi, neħħi | Don’t throw away the receipts; you might need them. |
| Sort out | Irregola, organizeja | We need to sort out this issue before the deadline. |
| Give in | Ċedi, jabbanduna | He finally gave in to the pressure. |
| Call off | Ikkanċella | They called off the meeting due to bad weather. |
| Break down | Jinqala' ħsara / Jibki ħafna | My car broke down on the highway. / She broke down in tears. |
| Break up | Jinfired | They broke up after five years together. |
| Set up | Waqqaf, stabbilixxa | They set up a new company last year. |
| Put up with | Tittollera | I can’t put up with this noise anymore. |
| Take over | Jieħu l-kontroll | The company was taken over by a competitor. |
| Back up | Isalva / Jappoġġja | You should back up your files. / He backed up his friend during the argument. |
| Come across | Jiltaqa’ bi / jiskopri b’kumbinazzjoni | I came across an interesting article online. |
| Hang up | Jgħalaq it-telefon | She hung up before I could say goodbye. |
| Go over | Irrevedi, eżamina | Let’s go over the details before the presentation. |
| Turn down | Irrifjuta | He turned down the job offer. |
| Bring in | Daħħal, introduċi | The company brought in new regulations last month. |
| Run out of | Spiċċa minn | We ran out of milk this morning. |
| Show up | Jidher, jasal | He showed up late to the meeting. |
| Make up | Jinventa / Jikkonċilja | He made up an excuse. / They made up after the argument. |
| Go through | Jgħaddi minn esperjenza | She went through a tough time last year. |
| Drop in | Iżur mingħajr avviż | She dropped in to say hello. |
| Fall through | Jonqos, ma jirnexxix | Our vacation plans fell through due to bad weather. |
| Get in touch | Ikkuntattja | I need to get in touch with my lawyer. |
| Keep up with | Ilaħħaq ma’ | He walks so fast I can’t keep up with him. |
| Look up | Ifittex informazzjoni (fid-dizzjunarju, fuq l-internet) | I looked up the meaning of the word online. |
| Make up for | Ikkumpensa | She tried to make up for her mistake by apologizing. |
| Narrow down | Inaqqas, jiffoka lista ta’ għażliet | We need to narrow down the candidates to three finalists. |
| Own up to | Jammetti, jirrikonoxxi | He owned up to breaking the vase. |
| Step down | Irriżenja, jirritira minn pożizzjoni | The CEO decided to step down after ten years in office. |
Konklużjoni
Il-verbi b’partikula huma parti fundamentali mill-kisba ta’ Ingliż ta’ kuljum, u jidhru ħafna fit-TOEIC® Reading u Listening. Għalkemm jistgħu jidhru diffiċli għal min jibda minħabba t-tifsiriet multipli u l-istruttura tagħhom (jekk humiex separabbli jew le, tranżittivi jew intranżittivi), bl-eżerċizzju jsir faċli li tagħrafhom u tużahom b’mod naturali.