Kors dwar il-prepożizzjonijiet bl-Ingliż - Preparazzjoni TOEIC®
Bl-Ingliż, prepożizzjoni hija kelma (jew grupp ta' kliem) li tistabbilixxi relazzjoni bejn Nomen (jew Pronomen) u l-kumplament tas-sentenza. Tista' tindika post, żmien, direzzjoni, kawża, possessjoni, l-aġent, eċċ.
- The book is on the table.
(Il-prepożizzjoni on torbot book u table biex tindika l-pożizzjoni.)
Fil-maġġoranza tal-każijiet, il-prepożizzjoni titpoġġa qabel in-Nomen jew il-Pronomen. Madankollu, bl-Ingliż modern, kultant huwa aċċettabbli li tintemm sentenza b'prepożizzjoni, speċjalment fil-lingwaġġ ta’ kuljum u fi strutturi idiomatiċi.
- What are you looking for?
(mistoqsija informali, taċċetta prepożizzjoni fl-aħħar tas-sentenza) - This is the house in which I grew up.
(forma aktar formali, tevita prepożizzjoni fl-aħħar)
1. Il-prepożizzjonijiet tal-post
Il-prepożizzjonijiet tal-post jindikaw fejn jinsab xi ħadd jew xi ħaġa fl-ispazju.
| Prepożizzjoni | Tifsira | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| in | Ġewwa | She is in the room. |
| on | Fuq wiċċ | The book is on the table. |
| at | F’punt preċiż | We met at the bus stop. |
| above | Fuq (mingħajr kuntatt) | The painting is above the fireplace. |
| over | Fuq (b’rekopertura) | She put a blanket over the baby. |
| below | Taħt (mingħajr kuntatt) | The temperature is below zero. |
| under | Taħt (kuntatt possibbli) | The shoes are under the bed. |
| beneath | Taħt (stil letterarju) | He hid the letter beneath his pillow. |
| between | Bejn żewġ elementi | She sat between her two friends. |
| among | Fost diversi elementi | He was among the crowd. |
| amid | F’nofs (stil formali) | They remained calm amid the chaos. |
| inside | Ġewwa | She is inside the house. |
| outside | Barra | He waited outside the building. |
| near | Viċin | The school is near the park. |
| next to | Ħdejn | She sat next to me. |
| beside | Ħdejn (sinonimu) | He placed his bag beside the chair. |
| by | Ħdejn | The house is by the river. |
| adjacent to | Viċin ħafna | The café is adjacent to the bookstore. |
| behind | Wara | The car is behind the truck. |
| in front of | Quddiem | He stood in front of the mirror. |
| before | Quddiem (ordni/kronoloġija) | She arrived before noon. |
| underneath | Taħt (aktar moħbi minn 'under') | The keys were underneath the papers. |
| opposite | Maqlub quddiem | The restaurant is opposite the cinema. |
| within | Ġewwa l-limiti | The package will arrive within two days. |
| without | Mingħajr | He left without his keys. |
| against | Kontra wiċċ | She leaned against the wall. |
| alongside | Paralleli, tul | The ship sailed alongside the coast. |
« In » - « on » - « at »
-
« In » jintuża biex jitkellem dwar spazju magħluq jew żona ġeografika. Jenfasizza li l-post huwa ġewwa u f’superfiċi definita.
- She is in the kitchen.
- They live in France.
- The keys are in my pocket.
-
« On » jintuża għal superfiċi ċatta jew superfiċi li tidher bħalha. Spiss jindika kuntatt mas-superfiċi.
- The book is on the table.
- He sat on the bench.
- Her picture is on the wall.
-
« At » jintuża għall-punt preċiż fl-ispazju. Jindika lokalizzazzjoni speċifika mingħajr enfasi fuq ġewwa jew superfiċi.
- I will meet you at the bus stop.
- She is at the entrance.
- Let’s meet at the restaurant.
Differenzi bejn « in », « on », « at »
- « At » jiffoka fuq punt preċiż, post eżatt (eż. at school, at home)
- « In » jitkellem dwar post magħluq jew żona aktar wiesgħa (eż. in the room, in the house)
- « On » jenfasizza l-superfiċi ta’ kuntatt jew pożizzjoni fuq wiċċ (eż. on the table, on the floor)
Każijiet speċjali : In the car / On the bus / On the train
- Ingħidu « in » għall-karozza, għax hi spazju aktar konfinat u personali.
- I’m in the car.
- Ingħidu « on » għall-bus, train, plane, boat għax tista’ timxi ġewwa u hemm idea ta’ trasport pubbliku.
- She is on the bus.
« Above » - « over »
« Above » u « Over » it-tnejn tfissru « fuq », iżda:
- « Above » jintuża ġeneralment mingħajr kuntatt dirett jew rekopertura tal-oġġett ta’ fuq fuq dak ta’ taħt.
- The painting hangs above the fireplace.
(mingħajr kuntatt, sempliċement fuq)
- The painting hangs above the fireplace.
- « Over » jista’ jindika moviment fuq xi ħaġa jew rekopertura.
- He put a blanket over the baby.
(il-kutrina tkopri lit-tarbija)
- He put a blanket over the baby.
« Below » - « under » - « beneath »
« Below », « under » u « beneath » jindikaw « taħt », iżda:
- « Under » hija l-iktar komuni għal xi ħaġa li tinsab taħt oħra
- The cat is under the table.
- « Below » tintuża speċjalment meta hemm distanza vertikali jew biex tfisser pożizzjoni aktar baxxa fi test jew dijagramma
- The temperature is below zero.
- « Beneath » hija aktar letterarja jew formali, u tista’ wkoll tfisser figurat (eż. beneath one’s dignity)
- He hid the letter beneath his pillow.
« Between » - « among » - « amid »
- « Between » tfisser xi ħaġa bejn żewġ affarijiet.
- I’m standing between my two best friends.
- « Among » tfisser xi ħaġa f’nofs grupp ta’ aktar minn tnejn, mingħajr l-idea li tkun imdawra fiżikament.
- She found a letter among the papers on her desk.
- « Amid » tfisser xi ħaġa mdawra jew mgħaddsa f’xi ħaġa (sitwazzjoni jew atmosfera). Tintgħażel f’ambjent formali/letterarju.
- They stayed calm amid the chaos.
« Across » - « Through » - « Along »
-
« Across » jindika attraversament minn naħa għall-oħra.
- They walked across the street.
-
« Through » jenfasizza moviment ġewwa spazju magħluq jew massa.
- We drove through the tunnel.
-
« Along » jindika moviment jew pożizzjoni tul linja jew bordura.
- She walked along the river.
2. Il-prepożizzjonijiet taż-żmien
Il-prepożizzjonijiet taż-żmien jindikaw meta jiġri avveniment, id-durata jew il-frekwenza tiegħu.
| Prepożizzjoni | Tifsira | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| in | Għal xhur, snin, sekli, partijiet tal-ġurnata | We met in July. |
| on | Għal jiem, dati speċifiċi u avvenimenti | The meeting is on Monday. |
| at | Għal sigħat u mumenti preċiżi | I will see you at 5 PM. |
| by | Qabel ħin preċiż (deadline) | Finish the report by Friday. |
| before | Qabel ħin partikolari | I arrived before noon. |
| after | Wara ħin partikolari | Let's meet after lunch. |
| until | Sas-siegħa speċifika | She stayed until midnight. |
| till | Sas-siegħa speċifika (aktar informali) | I'll wait till you arrive. |
| since | Minn ċertu ħin fil-passat | I have lived here since 2010. |
| for | Għal perjodu ta’ żmien | They traveled for two months. |
| during | Matul perjodu speċifiku | It rained during the night. |
| within | Fi żmien stabbilit | The package will arrive within 24 hours. |
| from | Bidu ta’ perjodu | We worked from 9 AM to 5 PM. |
| to | Tmiem ta’ perjodu | The shop is open from Monday to Friday. |
| between | Perjodu bejn żewġ mumenti | The event takes place between 3 PM and 5 PM. |
| around | Madwar ħin stmat | He arrived around noon. |
| about | Madwar ħin stmat | The class starts about 10 AM. |
| past | Wara siegħa speċifika | It's past midnight. |
| up to | Sas-siegħa speċifika | The offer is valid up to the end of the month. |
| as of | Minn ħin partikolari | The policy applies as of next year. |
| throughout | Matul perjodu kollu | The song played throughout the concert. |
| over | Matul perjodu | He stayed over the weekend. |
| ahead of | Qabel ħin partikolari (aktar formali) | We must plan ahead of the deadline. |
« In » - « on » - « at »
- « In » tintuża għal perjodi twal (xhur, snin, staġuni, partijiet tal-ġurnata).
- in May, in 2025, in the morning
- He was born in 1990.
- It often rains in winter.
- « On » tintuża għal jiem u dati preċiżi.
- on Monday, on December 5th
- My birthday is on July 10th.
- We will meet on Christmas Day.
- « At » tindika ħin preċiż.
- at 5:00 PM, at sunrise, at midday
- Let’s meet at noon.
- We usually have dinner at 7 PM.
Differenzi bejn « in », « on » u « at »
- In the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening iżda at night (eċċezzjoni idiomatika).
- At the weekend (bl-Ingliż Brittaniku), on the weekend (bl-Ingliż Amerikan).
« By » - « before » - « until » - « from ... to »
-
« By » tindika skadenza, limitu ta’ ħin.
- Finish this report by Friday.
(mass tard Friday) - I’ll be there by 6 PM.
(sa s-6 ta’ filgħaxija)
- Finish this report by Friday.
-
« Before » tindika li xi ħaġa sseħħ qabel avveniment jew ħin ieħor.
- We must leave before sunset.
- Finish your homework before dinner.
-
« Until » tindika kontinwità ta’ azzjoni jew stat sa ħin speċifiku.
- I stayed at the office until 7 PM.
- He waited till midnight.
(użu aktar informali għal until)
-
« From ... to » tindika bidu u tmiem ta’ perjodu.
- I work from 9 AM to 5 PM.
- They were on vacation from Monday to Thursday.
« During » - « for » - « since »
-
« During » jenfasizza l-perjodu li fih jiġri avveniment, mingħajr ħin eżatt.
- He called me during the meeting.
- It rained during the night.
-
« For » tindika tul ta’ żmien.
- They studied for three hours.
- We lived in London for five years.
-
« Since » tintuża biex tindika punt ta’ tluq fil-passat u azzjoni jew stat li għad-dum preżenti.
- I have lived here since 2010.
- She has been waiting since this morning.
3. Il-prepożizzjonijiet tad-direzzjoni jew moviment
Dawn il-prepożizzjonijiet jiddeskrivu fejn sejrin jew kif iseħħ moviment.
| Prepożizzjoni | Tifsira | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| across | Minn naħa għall-oħra | He walked across the street. |
| through | Attravers spazju magħluq | The train passed through the tunnel. |
| along | Tul | We walked along the beach. |
| onto | Lejn wiċċ | He jumped onto the table. |
| into | Lejn spazju ġewwa | She went into the room. |
| out of | Ħruġ minn | He got out of the car. |
| from | Oriġini tal-moviment | He came from London. |
| towards | Fid-direzzjoni ta' | She ran towards the exit. |
| to | Lejn destinazzjoni | We are going to Paris. |
| off | Neħħa minn wiċċ | She fell off the chair. |
| up | Tela’ | He climbed up the ladder. |
| down | Niżel | She walked down the stairs. |
| beyond | Lil hinn minn | The town is beyond the hills. |
| past | Għadda minn quddiem | She walked past the bank. |
| around | Madwar | They traveled around the world. |
« To » - « into » - « onto »
- « To » tindika direzzjoni jew destinazzjoni.
- I’m going to the store.
- He walked to the bus stop.
- « Into » jenfasizza li xi ħadd jew xi ħaġa tidħol ġewwa post jew oġġett ieħor.
- She poured the tea into the cup.
- « Onto » tindika moviment lejn wiċċ.
- He jumped onto the table.
Konfużjoni bejn « in » / « into » jew « on » / « onto »
- « In » (statika) vs « into » (moviment biex tidħol)
- (pożizzjoni statika): She is in the room.
- (moviment ta’ dħul): She walked into the room.
- « On » (statika) vs « Onto » (moviment biex titla’)
- (pożizzjoni statika): He stands on the stage.
- (moviment biex titla’): He jumps onto the stage.
In / To + pajjiż
- Jintuża « in » biex tgħid li tinsab f'pajjiż.
- He lives in Spain.
- Jintuża « to » biex tgħid li sejjer lejn pajjiż jew belt.
- He moved to Spain last year.
« Around » - « About »
- « Around » jew « about » jistgħu jfissru moviment ċirkolari jew approssimazzjoni madwar post.
- He wandered around the park.
- They walked about the city, exploring the streets. (użu aktar letterarju jew varjant reġjonali)
4. Prepożizzjonijiet komuni oħra u l-użu tagħhom
| Prepożizzjoni | Tifsira | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| with | Jindika akkumpanjament, użu ta’ għodda, jew il-mod kif tagħmel xi ħaġa | She wrote with a pen. / I went to the party with my friends. |
| without | Jindika n-nuqqas ta’ xi ħaġa | He left without his phone. |
| by | Jintuża biex jindika l-aġent tal-azzjoni (Passive), mezzi ta’ trasport jew pożizzjoni viċin | The book was written by Shakespeare. / We traveled by car. |
| about | Jindika s-suġġett ta’ diskussjoni jew approssimazzjoni | We talked about the new project. / There were about 50 people in the room. |
| like | Jintroduċi paragun | She runs like a cheetah. |
| as | Jindika funzjoni, rwol, jew paragun | He works as a teacher. / Do it as I showed you. |
| except | Jeskludi element | Everyone came except John. |
| apart from | Jista’ jfisser "barra minn" jew “minbarra” skont il-kuntest | Apart from English, he speaks Spanish. |
| instead of | Jindika alternattiva | Take tea instead of coffee. |
| according to | Jindika s-sors ta’ informazzjoni | According to the news, it's going to rain. |
| because of | Jindika kawża ta’ avveniment | The flight was delayed because of the storm. |
| due to | Forma aktar formali ta’ “because of” | The delay was due to technical issues. |
| owing to | Użu formali wkoll għall-kawża | The match was canceled owing to heavy rain. |
| thanks to | Jindika kawża pożittiva | We succeeded thanks to your help. |
| in spite of | Jindika oppożizzjoni | He finished the race in spite of his injury. |
| despite | Sinonimu ta’ “in spite of” | She won despite the difficulties. |
| instead | Jindika sostituzzjoni (mingħajr “of”) | I didn't take the bus. I walked instead. |
| unlike | Jindika differenza | *Unlike his brother, he loves sports.** |
| contrary to | Jindika oppożizzjoni ma’ opinjoni/jistenni | *Contrary to popular belief, bats are not blind.** |
| regarding | Jintroduċi s-suġġett ta’ dokument jew diskussjoni | I have a question regarding your proposal. |
| concerning | Sinonimu ta’ “regarding” | He called me concerning the contract. |
| apart | Jindika separazzjoni | They live far apart from each other. |
| toward(s) | Jindika intenzjoni jew direzzjoni astratta | His attitude towards work has changed. |
| beyond | Jindika limitu (figurat jew spazjali) | This problem is beyond my understanding. |
| against | Jindika oppożizzjoni jew kuntatt fiżiku | They are against the new policy. / She leaned against the wall. |
| per | Jindika frekwenza jew proporzjon | He earns $20 per hour. |
| via | Jindika intermedjarju jew li jgħaddi minn punt | We traveled to Italy via Paris. |
| as for | Jintroduċi suġġett differenti fid-diskussjoni | *As for the budget, we need to cut costs.** |
| as well as | Jindika żieda | She speaks French as well as Spanish. |
| rather than | Jindika preferenza | I would stay home rather than go out. |
| except for | Jindika eċċezzjoni | The report is complete except for a few details. |
« With » - « Without »
- « With » jindika akkumpanjament, użu ta’ għodda, mod kif tagħmel xi ħaġa.
- I went to the party with my friends.
- She cut the bread with a knife.
- « Without » jindika nuqqas ta’ xi ħadd jew xi ħaġa.
- He left without saying goodbye.
- I can’t live without music.
« By »
« By » għandha diversi tifsiriet skont il-kuntest:
- Fil-Form Passive, « by » tintroduċi l-awtur.
- This book was written by J.K. Rowling.
- « By » tindika l-metodu jew għodda biex issir azzjoni.
- We traveled by car / by train / by plane.
- « By » tindika lokalizzazzjoni (viċin jew ħdejn)
- My house is by the river.
- « By » biex tfisser “għadda minn”
- We walked by the park on our way home.
« About »
« About » tista’ tfisser “dwar” jew “madwar”.
- We talked about the new movie.
(suġġett tad-diskussjoni) - There were about fifty people at the party.
(approssimazzjoni)
« Like » - « As »
« Like » jintuża biex tqabbel 2 affarijiet jew sitwazzjonijiet.
- He runs like a cheetah.
« As » jista’ jkollu diversi tifsiriet. Wieħed minnhom huwa “bħala”
- I work as a teacher. (bħala għalliem)
Differenza bejn « like » u « as »
« Like » u « as » xi drabi jistgħu jintużaw bl-istess mod biex jesprimu paragun, iżda:
- « As » spiss jintroduċi propost (eż. as if, as though)
- « Like » sikwit ikun segwit minn Nomen jew Pronomen dirett.
« Except » - « Apart from »
« Except » tfisser l-esklużjoni ta’ element.
- Everyone passed the exam except John.
« Apart from » tfisser “barra minn, minbarra”, u tista’ tintuża biex teskludi jew tinkludi skont il-kuntest.
- Apart from Monday, I’m free all week.
(esklużjoni ta’ t-Tnejn) - Apart from that little issue, everything went fine.
(jiġifieri “barra dak il-problema żgħira”)
5. Każijiet speċjali u taħbil il-moħħ
« At night » vs. « in the night »
Nużaw « at night » biex nitkellmu dwar il-lejl b’mod ġenerali (parti tal-ġurnata).
- I usually sleep at night.
Nużaw « in the night » biex ngħidu matul il-lejl, spiss għal avveniment partikolari li jiġri matul il-lejl.
- It started raining in the night.
(jenfasizza mument partikolari matul il-lejl)
« Different from » - « different to » - « different than »
« Different from » hija l-forma l-aktar komuni u meqjusa standard.
- His style is different from mine.
« Different to » tintuża prinċipalment bl-Ingliż Brittaniku
- This country is different to what I expected.
« Different than » tintuża aktar bl-Ingliż Amerikan
- This result is different than I thought.
« Home » (spiss) mingħajr prepożizzjoni:
Meta wieħed irid jgħid li sejjer id-dar, tipikament tgħid go home mingħajr prepożizzjoni.
✅ I’m going home.
❌ I’m going to home.
« Ask for something » (u mhux « ask something »):
Biex titlob xi ħaġa, il-prepożizzjoni for hija meħtieġa.
- She asked for advice.
« Look at » - « look for » - « look after » - « look into »
« Look at » tfisser “iħares lejn xi ħaġa”.
- Look at that beautiful sunset.
« Look for » tfisser “tfittex xi ħaġa”.
- I’m looking for my keys.
« Look after » tfisser “tieħu ħsieb”, “tieħu kura”.
- She looks after her younger siblings.
« Look into » tfisser “tesamina”, “tistudja problema fid-dettall”.
- We need to look into this matter.
« Listen to » u « hear »
« Listen to » tfisser “tisma’” b’attentjoni. Tisma’ b’konċentrazzjoni.
- I’m listening to music.
« Hear » tfisser “tisma’” (fil-bidu) mingħajr intenzjoni jew konċentrazzjoni.
- I can’t hear you properly.
« Wait for » u « wait on »
« Wait for someone/something » tfisser “tistenna lil xi ħadd / xi ħaġa”.
- I’m waiting for the train.
« Wait on someone » tfisser “taqdi lil xi ħadd”. Tintuża l-aktar fil-qafas tar-ristoranti, iżda l-użu tagħha huwa rari.
- He waited on tables during the summer.
(jaħdem bħala kelner)
« Agree with » - « Agree on » - « Agree to »
« Agree with someone » tfisser “taqbel” ma’ persuna jew opinjoni.
- I agree with you.
« Agree on a topic » tfisser “jaqblu” dwar suġġett speċifiku.
- We agreed on the best course of action.
« Agree to something » tfisser “jaqbel”, “jikkunsenja” ma’ proposta.
- He agreed to help us.
« Depend on » vs. « Depend of »
Bl-Ingliż jgħidu depend on
✅ It depends on the weather.
❌ It depends of the weather.
« Belong to »
Biex tindika possessjoni, tuża « belong to »
- This book belongs to me.
Il-kompożizzjoni ma’ « made of » - « made from » - « made out of » - « made with »
« Made of » tintuża meta l-materjal ma jinbidilx (l-injam jibqa’ injam).
- This table is made of wood.
« Made from » tintuża meta l-materjal oriġinali ma jibqax rikonoxxibbli.
- Wine is made from grapes.
« Made out of » jenfasizza trasformazzjoni ta’ oġġett f’oġġett ieħor.
- This sculpture was made out of scrap metal.
« Made with » tirreferi għal ingredjent jew komponent prinċipali (spiss fl-ikel).
- This cake is made with chocolate.
Omissjoni jew żieda żbaljata ta’ to
Xi verbs jitlob il-prepożizzjoni to
- listen to, belong to, object to
Verbs oħra ma jitlobux il-prepożizzjoni to
- attack someone, mhux attack to someone
Differenzi bejn l-Ingliż Brittaniku u Amerikan
- On the weekend (US) vs. At the weekend (UK).
- Different than (US) vs. Different from/to (UK).
Konklużjoni
Il-prepożizzjonijiet huma fost il-punti ewlenin ivvalutati fl-TOEIC®. Biex tittejjeb il-punteġġ tiegħek, huwa essenzjali li:
- Tikkontrolla l-funzjonijiet prinċipali tagħhom (post, żmien, direzzjoni, eċċ.) biex ma titlefx punti f’dumand ta’ komprensjoni jew grammatika.
- Tingħata attenzjoni speċjali għad-differenzi fit-tifsira u l-istrutturi idiomatiċi (eż. look at, look for, eċċ.), li jistgħu jidhru fil-partijiet Reading u Listening.
- Tifhem l-eċċezzjonijiet u l-varjazzjonijiet reġjonali (Ingliż Brittaniku vs. Amerikan), għax il-TOEIC® spiss juża testi u awdjo li jirriflettu registuri differenti tal-Ingliż.
Korsijiet oħra
Hawnhekk hemm korsijiet oħra tal-grammatika għall-TOEIC®: