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Kurz o spojovacích slovách - Príprava na TOEIC®

Učiteľ z top-students.com vysvetľuje spojovacie slová v angličtine na tabuli s kriedou. Tento kurz je špecializovaný TOEIC® kurz zameraný na excelentné zvládnutie TOEIC® skúšky.

Spojovacie slová, tiež nazývané „linking words" alebo „connectors”, slúžia na spájanie myšlienok a na to, aby bol text alebo rečnícky prejav plynulejší. V tomto kurze si zopakujeme hlavné typy spojovacích slov, rozdelené podľa kategórií.

1. Spojovacie slová na pridávanie alebo vymenovávanie myšlienok

Tieto slová umožňujú uviesť novú informáciu, dopĺňať myšlienku alebo usporiadať body v logickom poradí (chronologicky alebo podľa dôležitosti).

SlovoPrekladPríklad
andaI like watching movies and reading books.
alsotiežShe works as a teacher; she also does volunteer work on weekends.
as wellrovnako / tiežHe's a talented singer as well as a skilled guitarist.
in additionnavyše / okrem tohoShe speaks Spanish. In addition, she understands French.
moreovernavyšeHe was late. Moreover, he didn’t bring his notes.
furthermorenavyše / okrem tohoWe have no time. Furthermore, we lack the necessary equipment.
besidesmimo to / navyšeI don’t like horror films. Besides, they scare me.
first / firstlynajprv / po prvéFirst, let me introduce the main topic of the meeting.
second / secondlypo druhéSecond, we will examine the results of the survey.
third / thirdlypo tretieThird, we’ll compare these results to last year’s data.
nextďalejNext, we need to analyze the data in more detail.
thenpotom / ďalejThen, we’ll move on to the final discussion.
finallynakoniecFinally, we’ll summarize our conclusions.
lastlyna záverLastly, we should thank everyone for their contributions.
last but not leastposledný bod, ale nie najmenejLast but not least, let’s address the financial aspect.

Nuansy / Výnimky

2. Spojovacie slová na vyjadrenie príčiny a následku

Ukazujú prečo sa niečo deje (príčina) a aký je výsledok (následok).

Vyjadrenie príčiny

SlovoPrekladPríklad
becausepretožeI stayed home because it was raining heavily.
sincekeďže / vzhľadom na to, žeSince you’re here early, let’s start the meeting now.
aslebo / vzhľadom na to, žeAs I was busy, I couldn’t attend the conference.
due tokvôli / vzhľadom naThe game was canceled due to bad weather.
owing tokvôliOwing to the traffic, we arrived late.

Vyjadrenie následku

SlovoPrekladPríklad
sotakže / tedaIt was raining, so I took an umbrella.
thereforepreto / a takShe didn’t study; therefore, she failed the exam.
thusteda / takžeHe saved money; thus, he could afford a new car.
as a resultv dôsledku toho / pretoSales increased. As a result, the company hired more staff.
consequentlynásledne / pretoThe project failed. Consequently, they lost their funding.
hencepreto / z toho dôvoduHe was the best performer; hence, his rapid promotion.

Nuansy / Výnimky

3. Spojovacie slová na vyjadrenie podmienky

SlovoPrekladPríklad
ifak / keďIf it rains, we’ll stay home.
unlessak nie / pokiaľ nieI won’t go out unless you come with me.
provided (that)za predpokladu žeI’ll lend you the book provided (that) you give it back soon.
providing (that)ak / za podmienky žeWe’ll succeed providing (that) we all work together.
as long aspokiaľ / len čo / za podmienky žeYou can stay out as long as you call me if you need anything.
on condition thatza podmienky žeHe will sign the contract on condition that we respect the deadline.
in casepre prípad, že / ak náhodouTake an umbrella in case it rains.

Nuansy / Výnimky

4. Spojovacie slová na vyjadrenie opozície alebo ústupku

Vyjadrenie opozície

SlovoPrekladPríklad
butaleHe is rich, but he is not happy.
howeveravšak / všakI like the city; however, I prefer the countryside.
yetnapriek tomu / aj takIt seemed easy at first, yet it turned out complicated.
neverthelessnapriek tomu / aj takThey lost the match; nevertheless, they played bravely.
nonethelessnapriek tomu / aj takIt’s raining; nonetheless, we decided to go hiking.
stillstále / aj takShe apologized; still, he remained upset.
whereaszatiaľ čo / kýmShe loves jazz, whereas her brother prefers rock music.
whilezatiaľ čo / kýmWhile I like sweets, I try to eat healthy.
on the other handna druhej straneThe city is noisy; on the other hand, it’s very vibrant.

Vyjadrenie ústupku

SlovoPrekladPríklad
althoughhociAlthough it was late, we kept studying.
even thoughaj keď / hociShe won even though she was injured.
thoughhoci / aj keďThough it was difficult, he managed to finish on time.
despitenapriekDespite the rain, they continued their trip.
in spite ofnapriekIn spite of her fear, she gave a great speech.
even ifaj keď / aj kebyWe will go out even if it starts raining later.

Nuansy / Výnimky

5. Spojovacie slová na vyjadrenie účelu

SlovoPrekladPríklad
tona to, aby / abyHe works hard to achieve his dreams.
in order toaby / za účelomShe left early in order to catch the first train.
so as toaby / za účelomWe must prepare everything so as to avoid any delay.
so thataby / tak, abyTurn down the music so that the neighbors won’t complain.
in order thatabyWe set up a meeting in order that everyone can participate.

Nuansy / Výnimky

6. Spojovacie slová na uvádzanie príkladov alebo ilustráciu

SlovoPrekladPríklad
for examplenapríkladSome countries, for example, Italy, are famous for their cuisine.
for instancenapríkladThere are many social networks; for instance, TikTok and Instagram.
such asako / napríkladHe likes outdoor activities such as hiking and kayaking.
likeakoShe enjoys sports like football and basketball.
e.g.(exempli gratia)You should eat more fruits (e.g., apples, bananas, oranges).
specificallykonkrétneShe focuses on sustainable energy, specifically solar power.
to illustratena ilustráciuTo illustrate, let’s look at last year’s revenue figures.

Nuansy / Výnimky

7. Spojovacie slová na zhrnutie alebo záver

SlovoPrekladPríklad
in conclusionna záver / záveromIn conclusion, both methods can be effective.
to sum upna zhrnutie / zhrnúťTo sum up, we need more resources to complete this project.
in summaryzhrnutím / zhrnutieIn summary, we’ve covered all the major points.
all in allcelkovo / všetko dokopyAll in all, it was a successful event.
overallcelkovo / všeobecneOverall, the feedback has been positive.
to concludena záver / uzavrieťTo conclude, let’s review the final recommendations.
brieflystručneBriefly, the test results are better than expected.
in shortv skratkeIn short, we need a better strategy.

Nuansy / Výnimky

Záver

Spojovacie slová sú nevyhnutné na štruktúrovanie viet v angličtine. Robia reč prehľadnejšou, plynulejšou a logickejšou. Na TOEIC® je dobrá znalosť spojovacích slov kľúčová, najmä v časti Reading, kde umožňujú pochopiť logické prepojenia medzi myšlienkami, ako aj v časti Listening, kde pomáhajú sledovať priebeh konverzácie alebo prejavu.

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