Tečaj o primerjalnikih v angleščini - Priprava na TOEIC®
Primerjalnik se uporablja za primerjanje dveh elementov in natančneje izraža, da je neka lastnost bolj, manj ali enako izražena pri enem kot pri drugem. Njegova oblika se spreminja glede na dolžino in vrsto adjektiva (pridevnika).
1. Primerjava dveh stvari s kratkimi pridevniki
Adjektiv (pridevnik) je kratek, če je sestavljen:
- iz ene zloge (small, big, tall).
- iz dveh zlogov, ki se končajo na -y (happy, easy, funny).
Pravila za tvorbo primerjalnika s kratkimi pridevniki so naslednja:
A. Če ima pridevnik eno zlogo
Pri primerjalniku večvrednosti preprosto dodamo "er" in nato "than".
| Vrsta pridevnika | Primerjalnik večvrednosti | Primerjalnik manjvrednosti | Primerjalnik enakovrednosti |
|---|---|---|---|
| tall (visok) | taller than (višji kot) Tom is taller than his brother. (Tom je višji kot njegov brat.) | less tall than (manj visok kot) Tom is less tall than Mike. (Tom je manj visok kot Mike.) | as tall as (enako visok kot) Tom is as tall as his father. (Tom je enako visok kot njegov oče.) |
| fast (hiter) | faster than (hitrejši kot) The new car is faster than the old one. (Novi avto je hitrejši kot stari.) | less fast than (manj hiter kot) This bike is less fast than my car. (Ta kolo je manj hitro kot moj avto.) | as fast as (enako hiter kot) This train is as fast as the other one. (Ta vlak je enako hiter kot drugi.) |
| short (kratek) | shorter than (krajši kot) This road is shorter than the other one. (Ta cesta je krajša kot druga.) | less short than (manj kratek kot) This book is less short than the previous one. (Ta knjiga je manj kratka kot prejšnja.) | as short as (enako kratek kot) This speech is as short as the last one. (Ta govor je enako kratek kot zadnji.) |
B. Če pridevnik z eno zlogo konča na soglasnik
Pri kratkih pridevnikih z eno zlogo, če se beseda konča po vzorcu soglasnik + samoglasnik + soglasnik, se zadnji soglasnik podvoji, preden dodamo "er".
| Kratek pridevnik | Primerjalnik večvrednosti | Primerjalnik manjvrednosti | Primerjalnik enakovrednosti |
|---|---|---|---|
| big (velik) | bigger than (večji kot) This sofa is bigger than the one in the other room. (Ta kavč je večji kot tisti v drugi sobi.) | less big than (manj velik kot) This apartment is less big than my house. (Ta stanovanje je manj veliko kot hiša.) | as big as (enako velik kot) This dog is as big as a wolf. (Ta pes je enako velik kot volk.) |
| hot (vroč) | hotter than (bolj vroč kot) Today is hotter than yesterday. (Danes je bolj vroče kot včeraj.) | less hot than (manj vroč kot) This summer is less hot than last year. (To poletje je manj vroče kot lani.) | as hot as (enako vroč kot) The tea is as hot as coffee. (Čaj je enako vroč kot kava.) |
| thin (suh) | thinner than (bolj suh kot) She looks thinner than last year. (Izgleda bolj suha kot lani.) | less thin than (manj suh kot) This paper is less thin than the one before. (Ta papir je manj tanek kot prejšnji.) | as thin as (enako suh kot) This model is as thin as her colleague. (Ta manekenka je enako suha kot kolegica.) |
C. Če ima pridevnik dve zlogi in se konča na -y
Pri primerjalniku večvrednosti za pridevnike z dvema zlogoma, ki se končajo na "-y", “y” zamenjamo z “i”, nato dodamo “er” in “than”.
- happy → happier than (bolj srečen kot)
- She looks happier than yesterday.
(Izgleda bolj srečna kot včeraj.)
- She looks happier than yesterday.
- easy → easier than (lažji kot)
- This exercise is easier than the previous one.
(Ta vaja je lažja kot prejšnja.)
- This exercise is easier than the previous one.
- funny → funnier than (bolj smešen kot)
- This comedian is funnier than the one we saw last week.
(Ta komik je bolj smešen kot tisti, ki smo ga videli prejšnji teden.)
- This comedian is funnier than the one we saw last week.
| Kratek pridevnik (-y) | Primerjalnik večvrednosti | Primerjalnik manjvrednosti | Primerjalnik enakovrednosti |
|---|---|---|---|
| happy (srečen) | happier than (bolj srečen kot) She looks happier than yesterday. (Izgleda bolj srečna kot včeraj.) | less happy than (manj srečen kot) He is less happy than before. (Je manj srečen kot prej.) | as happy as (enako srečen kot) She is as happy as her sister. (Je enako srečna kot sestra.) |
| easy (lahek) | easier than (lažji kot) This exercise is easier than the previous one. (Ta vaja je lažja kot prejšnja.) | less easy than (manj lahek kot) This test is less easy than the last one. (Ta test je manj lahek kot zadnji.) | as easy as (enako lahek kot) The exam was as easy as I expected. (Izpit je bil enako lahek kot sem pričakoval.) |
| funny (smešen) | funnier than (bolj smešen kot) This comedian is funnier than the one we saw last week. (Ta komik je bolj smešen kot tisti, ki smo ga videli prejšnji teden.) | less funny than (manj smešen kot) The movie was less funny than I thought. (Film je bil manj smešen kot sem mislil.) | as funny as (enako smešen kot) This show is as funny as the last one. (Ta predstava je enako smešna kot zadnja.) |
2. Primerjava dveh stvari z dolgimi pridevniki
Adjektiv (pridevnik) je “dolg”, če ima dve ali več zlog in se ne konča na “-y” (na primer: important, expensive, comfortable).
| Dolg pridevnik | Primerjalnik večvrednosti | Primerjalnik manjvrednosti | Primerjalnik enakovrednosti |
|---|---|---|---|
| expensive (drag) | more expensive than (dražji kot) This car is more expensive than that one. (Ta avto je dražji kot tisti.) | less expensive than (manj drag kot) This phone is less expensive than the latest model. (Ta telefon je manj drag kot najnovejši model.) | as expensive as (enako drag kot) This hotel is as expensive as the one in Paris. (Ta hotel je enako drag kot tisti v Parizu.) |
| beautiful (lep) | more beautiful than (lepši kot) This painting is more beautiful than the one in the hallway. (Ta slika je lepša kot tista na hodniku.) | less beautiful than (manj lep kot) This dress is less beautiful than the red one. (Ta obleka je manj lepa kot rdeča.) | as beautiful as (enako lep kot) This garden is as beautiful as the one in Versailles. (Ta vrt je enako lep kot tisti v Versaillesu.) |
| comfortable (udoben) | more comfortable than (udobnejši kot) This sofa is more comfortable than the chair. (Ta kavč je udobnejši kot stol.) | less comfortable than (manj udoben kot) This bed is less comfortable than mine. (Ta postelja je manj udobna kot moja.) | as comfortable as (enako udoben kot) This hotel room is as comfortable as my bedroom. (Ta hotelska soba je enako udobna kot moja spalnica.) |
3. Nepravilni pridevniki v primerjalniku
Nekateri pridevniki imajo nepravilne oblike primerjalnika in superlativa, ki ne sledijo zgornjim pravilom. Tu so najpogostejši:
| Pridevnik | Primerjalnik večvrednosti | Primerjalnik manjvrednosti | Primerjalnik enakovrednosti |
|---|---|---|---|
| good (dober) | better than (boljši kot) This book is better than the one I read last week. (Ta knjiga je boljša kot tista, ki sem jo prebral prejšnji teden.) | less good than (manj dober kot) This restaurant is less good than the one we went to last time. (Ta restavracija je manj dobra kot tista, kjer smo bili nazadnje.) | as good as (enako dober kot) This movie is as good as the original. (Ta film je enako dober kot izvirnik.) |
| bad (slab) | worse than (slabši kot) Her result is worse than mine. (Njena ocena je slabša kot moja.) | less bad than (manj slab kot) This option is less bad than the other one. (Ta možnost je manj slaba kot druga.) | as bad as (enako slab kot) His cooking is as bad as mine. (Njegovo kuhanje je enako slabo kot moje.) |
| far (daleč) | farther than (dlje kot, za fizično razdaljo) Paris is farther than Lyon from here. (Pariz je dlje kot Lyon od tukaj.) further than (dlje kot, za abstraktne pojme) The situation requires further explanation. (Situacija zahteva podrobnejšo razlago.) | less far than (manj daleč kot) New York is less far than Los Angeles from here. (New York je manj daleč kot Los Angeles od tukaj.) | as far as (enako daleč kot) She can run as far as her brother. (Lahko teče enako daleč kot njen brat.) |
| little (malo, majhen) | less than (manj kot) I have less time than before. (Imam manj časa kot prej.) | / | as little as (enako malo kot) He speaks as little as his sister. (Govori enako malo kot njegova sestra.) |
| many/much (veliko) | more than (več kot) She has more friends than me. (Ima več prijateljev kot jaz.) This job requires more effort than the previous one. (Ta služba zahteva več truda kot prejšnja.) | less than (manj kot) I drink less water than I should. (Pijem manj vode kot bi moral.) | as many as (enako kot, za števne samostalnike) He has as many books as his sister. (Ima enako knjig kot njegova sestra.) as much as (enako kot, za neštevne samostalnike) She earns as much money as her colleague. (Zasluži enako denarja kot njena kolegica.) |
4. Različne vrste primerjalnika
A. Primerjalnik manjvrednosti: »manj ... kot«
Za tvorbo primerjalnika manjvrednosti uporabimo strukturo less + pridevnik + than. To pravilo velja za vse pridevnike, ne glede na dolžino.
- This chair is less comfortable than the armchair.
(Ta stol je manj udoben kot naslonjač.) - He is less patient than his brother.
(Je manj potrpežljiv kot njegov brat.)
B. Primerjalnik enakovrednosti: »enako ... kot« / »toliko ... kot«
Primerjalnik enakovrednosti pomeni, da je lastnost ista pri obeh elementih.
- S samostalnikom: the same + samostalnik + as
- She bought the same dress as me.
(Kupila je isto obleko kot jaz.)
- She bought the same dress as me.
- S pridevnikom: as + pridevnik + as
- The task is as difficult as I thought.
(Naloga je enako težka, kot sem mislil.)
- The task is as difficult as I thought.
Različice
Obstaja nekaj različic za izražanje primerjalnika enakovrednosti:
- V nikalni obliki: not as ... as (≃ less ... than)
- It is not as effective as we expected
(Ni tako učinkovito, kot smo pričakovali.)
- It is not as effective as we expected
- Skoraj enako ... kot: almost / nearly as + pridevnik + as
- The project is nearly as complex as the last one.
(Projekt je skoraj tako zahteven kot prejšnji.)
- The project is nearly as complex as the last one.
- Popolnoma enako ... kot: just as + pridevnik + as
- This solution is just as practical as the first one.
(Ta rešitev je ravno tako praktična kot prva.)
- This solution is just as practical as the first one.
- Dvakrat večji / polovico manjši (kot): twice / half as ... (as ...)
- This apartment is twice as big as my old one.
(To stanovanje je dvakrat večje kot moje prejšnje.)
- This apartment is twice as big as my old one.
- N-krat dražji (kot): N times as expensive (as ...)
- This watch is five times as expensive as mine.
(Ta ura je petkrat dražja kot moja.)
- This watch is five times as expensive as mine.
Primerjava količin
Za primerjavo količin uporabimo »as much as« pri neštevnih samostalnikih in »as many as« pri števnih samostalnikih.
- »As much as« se uporablja z neštevnimi samostalniki:
- She earns as much money as her colleague.
(Zasluži enako denarja kot njena kolegica.) - This recipe requires as much sugar as the other one.
(Ta recept zahteva enako sladkorja kot drugi.)
- She earns as much money as her colleague.
- »As many as« se uporablja z števnimi samostalniki:
- He has as many responsibilities as his manager.
(Ima enako odgovornosti kot njegov nadrejeni.) - There were as many guests at the party as last year.
(Na zabavi je bilo enako gostov kot lani.)
- He has as many responsibilities as his manager.
C. »Vedno manj...«, »vedno več...«
Za izražanje napredovanja ali zmanjševanja skozi čas uporabimo strukturo »primerjalnik + and + primerjalnik«.
- It is getting colder and colder outside.
(Zunaj postaja vedno bolj hladno.) - The city is becoming more and more crowded.
(Mesto postaja vedno bolj polno.) - He is getting less and less interested in his job.
(Zanima ga vedno manj njegovo delo.)
D. »Bolj kot ... , bolj kot ...«, »Bolj kot ... , manj kot ...«
Za izražanje vzročne povezave med dvema elementoma uporabimo strukturo »the + primerjalnik, the + primerjalnik«.
- The healthier you eat, the better you feel.
(Bolj zdravo kot se prehranjuješ, bolje se počutiš.) - The more experience you have, the easier it gets.
(Več izkušenj kot imaš, lažje postane.) - The faster you run, the more exhausted you get.
(Hitreje kot tečeš, bolj si utrujen.)
E. Natančnejša primerjava
Za natančnejšo primerjavo lahko pred primerjalnik postavimo nekatere prislove, kot so slightly, a bit, somewhat, much, far, a great deal.
- This jacket is slightly more expensive than the other one.
(Ta jakna je malenkost dražja kot druga.) - The problem is far more complex than expected.
(Problem je veliko bolj kompleksen kot pričakovano.) - This laptop is a bit faster than my old one.
(Ta prenosnik je nekoliko hitrejši kot moj stari.)
Z »even« za poudarek
- The situation is even worse than we thought.
(Situacija je še slabša, kot smo mislili.)
Z »any« ali »no« za poudarjanje odsotnosti razlike
- The new version is no better than the previous one.
(Nova verzija ni nič boljša kot prejšnja.) - We can't wait any longer for an answer.
(Ne moremo čakati dlje na odgovor.)
F. Primerjava količin (števni in neštevni samostalniki)
Za primerjavo količin in zneskov uporabimo more, less, fewer, not as much as, not as many as itd.
- Za števne samostalnike (fewer, more, many)
- We need to hire more employees this year.
(Letos moramo zaposliti več zaposlenih.) - There are fewer opportunities in this industry than before.
(V tej panogi je manj priložnosti kot prej.) - She doesn’t have as many tasks as her colleague.
(Nima toliko nalog kot njena kolegica.)
- We need to hire more employees this year.
- Za neštevne samostalnike (less, more, much)
- He has more patience than I do.
(Ima več potrpljenja kot jaz.) - We should consume less sugar.
(Porabiti bi morali manj sladkorja.) - We didn’t gain as much profit as last year.
(Nismo imeli toliko dobička kot lani.)
- He has more patience than I do.
Zaključek
Skratka, primerjalnik v angleščini omogoča primerjavo dveh elementov na različne načine:
- Primerjalnik manjvrednosti (less ... than) za izražanje »manj kot«
- Primerjalnik enakovrednosti (as ... as) za izražanje »enako kot«
- Različice kot »skoraj enako« (almost/nearly as), »ravno tako« (just as)
- Izrazi za količino z »as much as« (neštevni samostalniki) in »as many as« (števni samostalniki)
- Napredovanja z »vedno več« (more and more) in »vedno manj« (less and less)
- Vzročne zveze z »bolj... bolj« (the... the)