Povezovalne besede, imenovane tudi « linking words » ali « connectors », služijo povezovanju idej in naredijo besedilo ali govor bolj tekoč. V tem tečaju bomo pregledali glavne tipe povezovalnih besed, razvrščene po kategorijah.
1. Povezovalne besede za dodajanje ali naštevanje idej
Te besede omogočajo uvajanje nove informacije, dopolnjevanje ideje ali strukturiranje točk v logičnem zaporedju (kronološko ali po pomembnosti).
Beseda
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Primer
and
in
I like watching movies and reading books.
also
tudi
She works as a teacher; she also does volunteer work on weekends.
as well
prav tako / tudi
He's a talented singer as well as a skilled guitarist.
in addition
poleg tega / dodatno
She speaks Spanish. In addition, she understands French.
moreover
poleg tega
He was late. Moreover, he didn’t bring his notes.
furthermore
poleg tega / dodatno
We have no time. Furthermore, we lack the necessary equipment.
besides
sicer / poleg tega
I don’t like horror films. Besides, they scare me.
first / firstly
najprej / najprej
First, let me introduce the main topic of the meeting.
second / secondly
drugič
Second, we will examine the results of the survey.
third / thirdly
tretjič
Third, we’ll compare these results to last year’s data.
next
naslednji / potem
Next, we need to analyze the data in more detail.
then
potem / nato
Then, we’ll move on to the final discussion.
finally
na koncu / končno
Finally, we’ll summarize our conclusions.
lastly
nazadnje / končno
Lastly, we should thank everyone for their contributions.
last but not least
zadnja točka, vendar nič manj pomembna
Last but not least, let’s address the financial aspect.
Odtenki / Izjeme
« And » je najbolj osnovna povezovalna beseda. Enostavno povezujedva elementa ali ideji.
« Beside(s) » lahko pomeni « poleg » kot prepozicija (npr. "The phone is beside the lamp."), vendar kot povezovalna beseda« besides » pomeni « poleg tega / sicer ».
Oblike first/firstly, second/secondly itd. so zamenljive, vendar se oblika z « -ly » včasih smatra kot bolj formalna.
2. Povezovalne besede za izražanje vzroka in posledice
Te besede kažejo zakaj se nekaj zgodi (vzrok) in kakšen je rezultat (posledica).
Izražanje vzroka
Beseda
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Primer
because
ker
I stayed home because it was raining heavily.
since
ker / glede na to da
Since you’re here early, let’s start the meeting now.
as
ker / glede na to da
As I was busy, I couldn’t attend the conference.
due to
zaradi / zaradi
The game was canceled due to bad weather.
owing to
zaradi
Owing to the traffic, we arrived late.
Izražanje posledice
Beseda
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Primer
so
zato / torej
It was raining, so I took an umbrella.
therefore
zato / posledično
She didn’t study; therefore, she failed the exam.
thus
torej / tako
He saved money; thus, he could afford a new car.
as a result
posledično / zato
Sales increased. As a result, the company hired more staff.
consequently
posledično
The project failed. Consequently, they lost their funding.
hence
zato / posledično
He was the best performer; hence, his rapid promotion.
Odtenki / Izjeme
« So » je zelo pogost v govorjenem jeziku.
« Therefore », « thus », « consequently » in « hence » se pogosto uporabljajo v bolj formalnem ali pisnem jeziku.
« Due to » in « owing to » se uporabljata pred samostalnikom ali gerundom.
The cancellation of the event was due to bad weather.
Owing to arriving late, he missed the beginning of the movie.
3. Povezovalne besede za izražanje pogoja
Beseda
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if
če
If it rains, we’ll stay home.
unless
razen če / razen
I won’t go out unless you come with me.
provided (that)
pod pogojem da
I’ll lend you the book provided (that) you give it back soon.
providing (that)
če / pod pogojem da
We’ll succeed providing (that) we all work together.
as long as
dokler / če
You can stay out as long as you call me if you need anything.
on condition that
pod pogojem da
He will sign the contract on condition that we respect the deadline.
in case
v primeru da / če slučajno
Take an umbrella in case it rains.
Odtenki / Izjeme
« Unless » pomeni « razen če », zato stavek izraža negacijo.
« I won't go unless... » = « Ne bom šel, razen če... »
« Provided (that) » in « providing (that) » sta pogosto zamenljiva, vendar je « provided that » pogostejši v formalnem kontekstu.
4. Povezovalne besede za izražanje nasprotja ali priznavanja
Izražanje nasprotja
Beseda
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but
ampak
He is rich, but he is not happy.
however
vendar / kljub temu
I like the city; however, I prefer the countryside.
yet
vendar / vseeno
It seemed easy at first, yet it turned out complicated.
nevertheless
kljub temu / vseeno
They lost the match; nevertheless, they played bravely.
nonetheless
kljub temu / vseeno
It’s raining; nonetheless, we decided to go hiking.
still
vseeno / kljub temu
She apologized; still, he remained upset.
whereas
medtem ko / medtem
She loves jazz, whereas her brother prefers rock music.
while
medtem ko / medtem
While I like sweets, I try to eat healthy.
on the other hand
po drugi strani
The city is noisy; on the other hand, it’s very vibrant.
Izražanje priznavanja
Beseda
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although
čeprav
Although it was late, we kept studying.
even though
čeprav / tudi če
She won even though she was injured.
though
čeprav / četudi
Though it was difficult, he managed to finish on time.
despite
kljub
Despite the rain, they continued their trip.
in spite of
kljub
In spite of her fear, she gave a great speech.
even if
tudi če
We will go out even if it starts raining later.
Odtenki / Izjeme
« But » je najpreprostejši in najpogosteje uporabljen za označevanje nasprotja.
« Though » se lahko postavi na konec stavka v bolj neformalnem jeziku.
I’m not sure, though.
« Despite » in « in spite of » sledita samostalniku ali gerundu.
Despite the rain, they continued playing.
In spite of having no experience, he got the job.
5. Povezovalne besede za izražanje namena
Beseda
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to
za / da bi
He works hard to achieve his dreams.
in order to
da bi / zato da
She left early in order to catch the first train.
so as to
da bi
We must prepare everything so as to avoid any delay.
so that
da / zato da
Turn down the music so that the neighbors won’t complain.
in order that
da / zato da
We set up a meeting in order that everyone can participate.
Odtenki / Izjeme
« To » je najpreprostejša oblika za izražanje namena, običajno sledijo mu glagoli v infinitivu.
« So that » in « in order that » pogosto uvajata stavek s predmetom in glagolom.
I explained it clearly so that everyone could understand.
6. Povezovalne besede za podajanje primerov ali ilustriranje
Beseda
Prevod
Primer
for example
na primer
Some countries, for example, Italy, are famous for their cuisine.
for instance
na primer
There are many social networks; for instance, TikTok and Instagram.
such as
kot / na primer
He likes outdoor activities such as hiking and kayaking.
like
kot
She enjoys sports like football and basketball.
e.g.
(exempli gratia)
You should eat more fruits (e.g., apples, bananas, oranges).
specifically
posebej
She focuses on sustainable energy, specifically solar power.
to illustrate
za ponazoritev
To illustrate, let’s look at last year’s revenue figures.
Odtenki / Izjeme
« Such as » in « like » sta običajno sledita konkretnim primerom.
« e.g. » je latinska okrajšava, ki se uporablja predvsem v formalnem ali akademskem kontekstu, pogosto v oklepajih.
« For example » in « for instance » sta zamenljiva za uvajanje primera.
7. Povezovalne besede za povzemanje ali zaključek
Beseda
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Primer
in conclusion
za zaključek / v zaključku
In conclusion, both methods can be effective.
to sum up
za povzetek
To sum up, we need more resources to complete this project.
in summary
povzetek / na kratko
In summary, we’ve covered all the major points.
all in all
vse skupaj / na koncu koncev
All in all, it was a successful event.
overall
na splošno / v celoti
Overall, the feedback has been positive.
to conclude
za zaključek
To conclude, let’s review the final recommendations.
briefly
na kratko
Briefly, the test results are better than expected.
in short
na kratko / skratka
In short, we need a better strategy.
Odtenki / Izjeme
« In conclusion » in « to conclude » sta bolj formalna izraza.
« All in all » in « in short » sta nekoliko bolj neformalna in se pogosto uporabljata v govorjenem jeziku.
Zaključek
Povezovalne besede so bistvene za strukturiranje stavkov v angleščini. Naredijo govor bolj jasen, tekoč in logičen. Na TOEIC® je dobra uporaba povezovalnih besed ključna, zlasti v sekciji Reading, kjer omogočajo razumevanje logičnih povezav med idejami, ter v sekciji Listening, kjer pomagajo slediti toku pogovora ali govora.
