17. februar 2025

Tečaj o povezovalnih besedah - Priprava na TOEIC®

Written by William D'Andréa

Učitelj s top-students.com razlaga povezovalne besede v angleščini na tabli s kredo. Ta tečaj je specializiran za TOEIC® in namenjen odličnosti na izpitu TOEIC®.

Povezovalne besede, imenovane tudi « linking words » ali « connectors », služijo povezovanju idej in naredijo besedilo ali govor bolj tekoč. V tem tečaju bomo pregledali glavne tipe povezovalnih besed, razvrščene po kategorijah.

1. Povezovalne besede za dodajanje ali naštevanje idej

Te besede omogočajo uvajanje nove informacije, dopolnjevanje ideje ali strukturiranje točk v logičnem zaporedju (kronološko ali po pomembnosti).

Beseda	Prevod	Primer
and	in	I like watching movies and reading books.
also	tudi	She works as a teacher; she also does volunteer work on weekends.
as well	prav tako / tudi	He's a talented singer as well as a skilled guitarist.
in addition	poleg tega / dodatno	She speaks Spanish. In addition, she understands French.
moreover	poleg tega	He was late. Moreover, he didn’t bring his notes.
furthermore	poleg tega / dodatno	We have no time. Furthermore, we lack the necessary equipment.
besides	sicer / poleg tega	I don’t like horror films. Besides, they scare me.
first / firstly	najprej / najprej	First, let me introduce the main topic of the meeting.
second / secondly	drugič	Second, we will examine the results of the survey.
third / thirdly	tretjič	Third, we’ll compare these results to last year’s data.
next	naslednji / potem	Next, we need to analyze the data in more detail.
then	potem / nato	Then, we’ll move on to the final discussion.
finally	na koncu / končno	Finally, we’ll summarize our conclusions.
lastly	nazadnje / končno	Lastly, we should thank everyone for their contributions.
last but not least	zadnja točka, vendar nič manj pomembna	Last but not least, let’s address the financial aspect.

Odtenki / Izjeme

« And » je najbolj osnovna povezovalna beseda. Enostavno povezuje dva elementa ali ideji.
« Beside(s) » lahko pomeni « poleg » kot prepozicija (npr. "The phone is beside the lamp."), vendar kot povezovalna beseda « besides » pomeni « poleg tega / sicer ».
Oblike first/firstly, second/secondly itd. so zamenljive, vendar se oblika z « -ly » včasih smatra kot bolj formalna.

2. Povezovalne besede za izražanje vzroka in posledice

Te besede kažejo zakaj se nekaj zgodi (vzrok) in kakšen je rezultat (posledica).

Izražanje vzroka

Beseda	Prevod	Primer
because	ker	I stayed home because it was raining heavily.
since	ker / glede na to da	Since you’re here early, let’s start the meeting now.
as	ker / glede na to da	As I was busy, I couldn’t attend the conference.
due to	zaradi / zaradi	The game was canceled due to bad weather.
owing to	zaradi	Owing to the traffic, we arrived late.

Izražanje posledice

Beseda	Prevod	Primer
so	zato / torej	It was raining, so I took an umbrella.
therefore	zato / posledično	She didn’t study; therefore, she failed the exam.
thus	torej / tako	He saved money; thus, he could afford a new car.
as a result	posledično / zato	Sales increased. As a result, the company hired more staff.
consequently	posledično	The project failed. Consequently, they lost their funding.
hence	zato / posledično	He was the best performer; hence, his rapid promotion.

Odtenki / Izjeme

« So » je zelo pogost v govorjenem jeziku.
« Therefore », « thus », « consequently » in « hence » se pogosto uporabljajo v bolj formalnem ali pisnem jeziku.
« Due to » in « owing to » se uporabljata pred samostalnikom ali gerundom.
- The cancellation of the event was due to bad weather.
- Owing to arriving late, he missed the beginning of the movie.

3. Povezovalne besede za izražanje pogoja

Beseda	Prevod	Primer
if	če	If it rains, we’ll stay home.
unless	razen če / razen	I won’t go out unless you come with me.
provided (that)	pod pogojem da	I’ll lend you the book provided (that) you give it back soon.
providing (that)	če / pod pogojem da	We’ll succeed providing (that) we all work together.
as long as	dokler / če	You can stay out as long as you call me if you need anything.
on condition that	pod pogojem da	He will sign the contract on condition that we respect the deadline.
in case	v primeru da / če slučajno	Take an umbrella in case it rains.

Odtenki / Izjeme

« Unless » pomeni « razen če », zato stavek izraža negacijo.
- « I won't go unless... » = « Ne bom šel, razen če... »
« Provided (that) » in « providing (that) » sta pogosto zamenljiva, vendar je « provided that » pogostejši v formalnem kontekstu.

4. Povezovalne besede za izražanje nasprotja ali priznavanja

Izražanje nasprotja

Beseda	Prevod	Primer
but	ampak	He is rich, but he is not happy.
however	vendar / kljub temu	I like the city; however, I prefer the countryside.
yet	vendar / vseeno	It seemed easy at first, yet it turned out complicated.
nevertheless	kljub temu / vseeno	They lost the match; nevertheless, they played bravely.
nonetheless	kljub temu / vseeno	It’s raining; nonetheless, we decided to go hiking.
still	vseeno / kljub temu	She apologized; still, he remained upset.
whereas	medtem ko / medtem	She loves jazz, whereas her brother prefers rock music.
while	medtem ko / medtem	While I like sweets, I try to eat healthy.
on the other hand	po drugi strani	The city is noisy; on the other hand, it’s very vibrant.

Izražanje priznavanja

Beseda	Prevod	Primer
although	čeprav	Although it was late, we kept studying.
even though	čeprav / tudi če	She won even though she was injured.
though	čeprav / četudi	Though it was difficult, he managed to finish on time.
despite	kljub	Despite the rain, they continued their trip.
in spite of	kljub	In spite of her fear, she gave a great speech.
even if	tudi če	We will go out even if it starts raining later.

Odtenki / Izjeme

« But » je najpreprostejši in najpogosteje uporabljen za označevanje nasprotja.
« Though » se lahko postavi na konec stavka v bolj neformalnem jeziku.
- I’m not sure, though.
« Despite » in « in spite of » sledita samostalniku ali gerundu.
- Despite the rain, they continued playing.
- In spite of having no experience, he got the job.

5. Povezovalne besede za izražanje namena

Beseda	Prevod	Primer
to	za / da bi	He works hard to achieve his dreams.
in order to	da bi / zato da	She left early in order to catch the first train.
so as to	da bi	We must prepare everything so as to avoid any delay.
so that	da / zato da	Turn down the music so that the neighbors won’t complain.
in order that	da / zato da	We set up a meeting in order that everyone can participate.

Odtenki / Izjeme

« To » je najpreprostejša oblika za izražanje namena, običajno sledijo mu glagoli v infinitivu.
« So that » in « in order that » pogosto uvajata stavek s predmetom in glagolom.
- I explained it clearly so that everyone could understand.

6. Povezovalne besede za podajanje primerov ali ilustriranje

Beseda	Prevod	Primer
for example	na primer	Some countries, for example, Italy, are famous for their cuisine.
for instance	na primer	There are many social networks; for instance, TikTok and Instagram.
such as	kot / na primer	He likes outdoor activities such as hiking and kayaking.
like	kot	She enjoys sports like football and basketball.
e.g.	(exempli gratia)	You should eat more fruits (e.g., apples, bananas, oranges).
specifically	posebej	She focuses on sustainable energy, specifically solar power.
to illustrate	za ponazoritev	To illustrate, let’s look at last year’s revenue figures.

Odtenki / Izjeme

« Such as » in « like » sta običajno sledita konkretnim primerom.
« e.g. » je latinska okrajšava, ki se uporablja predvsem v formalnem ali akademskem kontekstu, pogosto v oklepajih.
« For example » in « for instance » sta zamenljiva za uvajanje primera.

7. Povezovalne besede za povzemanje ali zaključek

Beseda	Prevod	Primer
in conclusion	za zaključek / v zaključku	In conclusion, both methods can be effective.
to sum up	za povzetek	To sum up, we need more resources to complete this project.
in summary	povzetek / na kratko	In summary, we’ve covered all the major points.
all in all	vse skupaj / na koncu koncev	All in all, it was a successful event.
overall	na splošno / v celoti	Overall, the feedback has been positive.
to conclude	za zaključek	To conclude, let’s review the final recommendations.
briefly	na kratko	Briefly, the test results are better than expected.
in short	na kratko / skratka	In short, we need a better strategy.

Odtenki / Izjeme

« In conclusion » in « to conclude » sta bolj formalna izraza.
« All in all » in « in short » sta nekoliko bolj neformalna in se pogosto uporabljata v govorjenem jeziku.

Zaključek

Povezovalne besede so bistvene za strukturiranje stavkov v angleščini. Naredijo govor bolj jasen, tekoč in logičen. Na TOEIC® je dobra uporaba povezovalnih besed ključna, zlasti v sekciji Reading, kjer omogočajo razumevanje logičnih povezav med idejami, ter v sekciji Listening, kjer pomagajo slediti toku pogovora ali govora.

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