Tečaj o glagolih s členom - Priprava na TOEIC®
Glagol s členom (imenovan tudi phrasal verb) je glagol, ki mu dodamo kratek besedni člen (pogosto up, out, in, off, on, over, away itd.). Na primer, »to look« pomeni »gledati«, toda »to look after« pomeni »skrbeti za / paziti na« in »to look up to« pomeni »občudovati«.
Ti členi imajo ključno vlogo: lahko popolnoma spremenijo pomen glagola ali pa mu dodajo posebno nianso. Tukaj je značilen primer:
- To break : zlomiti
- To break down : pokvariti se / zlomiti se (čustveno)
- To break in : vlomiti
- To break up : raziti se (končati zvezo)
1. Kako nastanejo glagoli s členom?
Osnovno načelo je preprosto: združimo glagol in člen. Člen je lahko
- Prepozicija (in, on, at, by, after, for, itd.).
- To run into someone (naključno srečati koga)
- Prislov (up, down, away, off, itd.).
- To sit down (usesti se)
- To go away (oditi)
Včasih uporabimo dva člena, kar se imenuje phrasal-prepositional verbs.
- To put up with something (prenašati nekaj)
→ tukaj je člen »up with«.
2. Različne kategorije glagolov s členom
A. Prehodni in neprehodni glagoli s členom
- Prehodni (transitivni): Potrebujejo dopolnilo (direktni ali indirektni objekt).
- To put out a fire (ugasniti ogenj) → »a fire« je dopolnilo (direktni objekt).
- To hand in a paper (oddati nalogo) → »a paper« je dopolnilo.
- Neprehodni (intransitivni): Ne potrebujejo dopolnila.
- To break down (pokvariti se) → ni posebnega dopolnila.
- To go away (oditi) → nič ne sledi neposredno glagolu.
Direktni objekt (Direktni dopolnilo) neposredno dopolnjuje glagol, brez prepozicije. Najdemo ga, če po glagolu vprašamo »kaj?« ali »koga?«. → Jem jabolko. → Jem KAJ? jabolko
Indirektni objekt (Indirektni dopolnilo) dopolnjuje glagol s prepozicijo (k, od, za itd.). Najdemo ga s vprašanjem »k komu?«, »od česa?«, itd. → Govorim s prijateljem. → Govorim KOMU? s prijateljem.
Izjema pri zaimkih
Če je dopolnilo zaimek, ga je NUJNO treba postaviti med glagol in člen.
- ✅ I turned it off.
❌ I turned off it. - ✅ She picked him up.
❌ She picked up him. - ✅ Can you put it on?
❌ Can you put on it?
B. Ločljivi in neločljivi glagoli s členom (za prehodne glagole)
- Ločljivi (separable): Dopolnilo lahko postavimo med glagol in člen ali za členom.
- To turn off the light = To turn the light off
»off« je lahko za »light« ali takoj za »turn«. - Turn off the TV = Turn the TV off
(ugasni televizijo) - Pick up the phone = Pick the phone up
(dvigni telefon)
- To turn off the light = To turn the light off
- Neločljivi (inseparable): Dopolnila ni mogoče postaviti med glagol in člen. Vedno pride za členom.
- To look after someone
(skrbeti za nekoga)- Ne moremo reči »To look someone after«.
- Vedno rečemo: »I look after my nephew every weekend.«
- To look after someone
C. Glagoli z dvema členoma (phrasal-prepositional verbs)
Nekateri glagoli združujejo dva člena in dopolnilo mora vedno slediti za njima:
- To put up with something (prenašati)
- I can't put up with the noise anymore!
- To look forward to something (veseliti se česa)
- I’m looking forward to the holidays.
- To get on with someone (dobro se razumeti z nekom)
- He gets on with his new colleagues really well.
4. Dobesedni in preneseni pomen
Glagoli s členom imajo lahko dobeseden pomen, ki je blizu osnovnemu pomenu glagola in člena, ali pa prenesen pomen, ki se lahko popolnoma razlikuje od osnovnega glagola. Zato je pomembno, da te glagole učiš posamezno in dobro poznaš najpogostejše.
- Pomen blizu glagolu in členu:
- To come in : vstopiti (precej neposredno: »priti« + »notri«)
- To go out : iti ven (enaka logika: »iti« + »ven«)
- Preneseni pomen (ni vedno predvidljiv):
- To bring up a topic : omeniti temo, začeti pogovor o nečem
- To bring up a child : vzgajati otroka
- To give up : odnehati, prenehati z nečim
- To make up a story : izmisliti si zgodbo, lagati
- To take off : vzleteti (za letalo) ali celo imeti velik uspeh
- His career took off suddenly.
5. Nekaj pogostih glagolov s členom
Tukaj je pregled pogosto uporabljenih glagolov s členom:
| Phrasal Verb | Pomen | Primer |
|---|---|---|
| Get up | Vstati | I get up at 7 AM every day. |
| Wake up | Zbuditi se | He wakes up late on weekends. |
| Put on | Obleči (kos oblačila) | She put on her jacket before going out. |
| Take off | Sleči (oblačilo) / vzleteti | She took off her shoes. / The plane took off at 9 AM. |
| Look for | Iskati | I’m looking for my keys. |
| Look after | Skrbeti za | I look after my younger brother when my parents are away. |
| Look up to | Občudovati | I look up to my mother; she’s my role model. |
| Look forward to | Veseliti se | I’m looking forward to my birthday party. |
| Turn on / Turn off | Prižgati / Ugasniti | Could you turn on the lights? / Turn off the TV, please. |
| Pick up | Pobirati / Pobrati / Naučiti se | Pick up your clothes. / I’ll pick you up at 8 PM. / He picked up Spanish. |
| Give up | Odnehati | I will never give up on my dreams. |
| Bring up | Vzgajati otroka / Omeniti temo | She was brought up by her grandparents. / He brought up the issue at the meeting. |
| Catch up (with) | Nadoknaditi (zaostanek, znanje) / se dohiteti | I need to catch up on my reading. / You go ahead; I’ll catch up with you later. |
| Carry on | Nadaljevati | Carry on with your work. |
| Run into | Naključno srečati | I ran into an old friend at the supermarket. |
| Hold on | Počakaj / Ne odloži | Please hold on, I’ll check the information. |
| Find out | Ugotoviti, izvedeti | I found out that he had moved to another city. |
| Work out | Rešiti problem / Telovaditi | We need to work out a better strategy. / I work out at the gym three times a week. |
| Throw away | Zavreči | Don’t throw away the receipts; you might need them. |
| Sort out | Razrešiti problem, urediti | We need to sort out this issue before the deadline. |
| Give in | Popustiti, odnehati | He finally gave in to the pressure. |
| Call off | Preklicati | They called off the meeting due to bad weather. |
| Break down | Pokvariti se / Zlomiti se čustveno | My car broke down on the highway. / She broke down in tears. |
| Break up | Raziti se | They broke up after five years together. |
| Set up | Ustanoviti, postaviti | They set up a new company last year. |
| Put up with | Prenesti, prenašati | I can’t put up with this noise anymore. |
| Take over | Prevzeti nadzor | The company was taken over by a competitor. |
| Back up | Varnostno kopirati / Podpreti | You should back up your files. / He backed up his friend during the argument. |
| Come across | Naključno naleteti na | I came across an interesting article online. |
| Hang up | Odložiti telefon | She hung up before I could say goodbye. |
| Go over | Pregledati, preučiti | Let’s go over the details before the presentation. |
| Turn down | Zavrniti | He turned down the job offer. |
| Bring in | Uvesti, vključiti | The company brought in new regulations last month. |
| Run out of | Zmanjkati | We ran out of milk this morning. |
| Show up | Prikazati se, priti | He showed up late to the meeting. |
| Make up | Izmisliti / Pobotati se | He made up an excuse. / They made up after the argument. |
| Go through | Doživeti, prestajati (težave) | She went through a tough time last year. |
| Drop in | Prikazati se nenapovedano | She dropped in to say hello. |
| Fall through | Propasti, ne uspeti | Our vacation plans fell through due to bad weather. |
| Get in touch | Stopiti v stik | I need to get in touch with my lawyer. |
| Keep up with | Biti v koraku, slediti | He walks so fast I can’t keep up with him. |
| Look up | Poiskati informacijo (v slovarju, na spletu) | I looked up the meaning of the word online. |
| Make up for | Nadomestiti, popraviti | She tried to make up for her mistake by apologizing. |
| Narrow down | Zožiti, skrčiti izbor možnosti | We need to narrow down the candidates to three finalists. |
| Own up to | Priznati, prevzeti odgovornost | He owned up to breaking the vase. |
| Step down | Odstopiti, odstopiti s položaja | The CEO decided to step down after ten years in office. |
Zaključek
Glagoli s členom so bistven del obvladovanja sodobne angleščine in so zelo pogosti pri TOEIC® Reading in Listening. Čeprav so na začetku zaradi mnogih pomenov in kompleksne strukture (ločljivi ali ne, prehodni ali neprehodni) lahko zmedeni, jih z vadbo prepoznaš in uporabljaš naravno.