Tečaj o predlogih v angleščini - Priprava na TOEIC®
V angleščini je predlog beseda (ali skupina besed), ki vzpostavlja odnos med samostalnikom (ali zaimkom) in preostalim delom povedi. Lahko nakazuje krajsko, časovno, smerno, vzročno, lastniško ali agensko razmerje itd.
- The book is on the table.
(Predlog on povezuje book in table ter nakazuje položaj.)
Največkrat se predlog nahaja pred samostalnikom ali zaimkom. V sodobni angleščini je včasih dopustno, da se poved zaključi s predlogom, zlasti v pogovorni rabi in v nekaterih idiomatskih konstrukcijah.
- What are you looking for?
(neformalno vprašanje, predlog na koncu povedi) - This is the house in which I grew up.
(bolj formalna oblika, izogiba se predlogu na koncu povedi)
1. Predlogi kraja
Predlogi kraja označujejo, kje se nekdo ali nekaj nahaja v prostoru.
| Predlog | Pomen | Primer |
|---|---|---|
| in | V notranjosti | She is in the room. |
| on | Na površini | The book is on the table. |
| at | Na točni točki | We met at the bus stop. |
| above | Nad, brez stika | The painting is above the fireplace. |
| over | Nad, s prekrivanjem | She put a blanket over the baby. |
| below | Pod (brez stika) | The temperature is below zero. |
| under | Pod (možen stik) | The shoes are under the bed. |
| beneath | Pod (literarno) | He hid the letter beneath his pillow. |
| between | Med dvema | She sat between her two friends. |
| among | Med večimi | He was among the crowd. |
| amid | Sredi (bolj formalno) | They remained calm amid the chaos. |
| inside | V notranjosti | She is inside the house. |
| outside | Zunaj | He waited outside the building. |
| near | Blizu | The school is near the park. |
| next to | Poleg | She sat next to me. |
| beside | Poleg (sopomenka) | He placed his bag beside the chair. |
| by | Ob, zraven | The house is by the river. |
| adjacent to | Sosednji | The café is adjacent to the bookstore. |
| behind | Za | The car is behind the truck. |
| in front of | Pred | He stood in front of the mirror. |
| before | Pred (red ali časovno zaporedje) | She arrived before noon. |
| underneath | Pod (bolj skrito kot 'under') | The keys were underneath the papers. |
| opposite | Nasproti | The restaurant is opposite the cinema. |
| within | Znotraj meja | The package will arrive within two days. |
| without | Brez | He left without his keys. |
| against | Ob steni | She leaned against the wall. |
| alongside | Vzporedno z, ob | The ship sailed alongside the coast. |
« In » - « on » - « at »
-
« In » se uporablja za zaprte prostore ali geografska območja. Poudari lokacijo znotraj določene površine.
- She is in the kitchen.
- They live in France.
- The keys are in my pocket.
-
« On » se uporablja za ravne površine ali za nekaj, kar je v stiku s površino.
- The book is on the table.
- He sat on the bench.
- Her picture is on the wall.
-
« At » se nanaša na točno določeno točko v prostoru. Označuje specifično lokacijo brez poudarka na notranjosti ali površini.
- I will meet you at the bus stop.
- She is at the entrance.
- Let's meet at the restaurant.
Razlike med « in », « on », « at »
- « At » poudari točno točko, specifičen kraj (npr. at school, at home)
- « In » označuje zaprto območje ali širši kraj (npr. in the room, in the house)
- « On » izpostavi površinski stik ali položaj na ravni (npr. on the table, on the floor)
Posebni primeri: In the car / On the bus / On the train
- Pravimo « in » za avtomobil, ker gre za bolj oseben in zaprt prostor.
- I’m in the car.
- Pravimo « on » za avtobus, vlak, letalo, ladjo, ker se lahko znotraj premikamo in gre za javna prevozna sredstva.
- She is on the bus.
« Above » - « over »
« Above » in « Over » oba pomenita « nad », a:
- « Above » se uporablja brez neposrednega stika med predmetoma, ali brez prekrivanja predmeta nad drugim.
- The painting hangs above the fireplace.
(brez stika, zgolj nad)
- The painting hangs above the fireplace.
- « Over » lahko nakazuje gibanje nad nečim ali prekrivanje.
- He put a blanket over the baby.
(odeja prekriva otroka)
- He put a blanket over the baby.
« Below » - « under » - « beneath »
« Below », « under » in « beneath » pomenijo « pod », a:
- « Under » je najpogostejši za označevanje, da je nekaj pod drugim.
- The cat is under the table.
- « Below » se uporablja predvsem, ko je določena vertikalna razdalja ali za označevanje nižjega položaja v besedilu ali shemi.
- The temperature is below zero.
- « Beneath » je bolj literarno ali formalno, lahko ima tudi figurativni pomen (npr. beneath one’s dignity)
- He hid the letter beneath his pillow.
« Between » - « among » - « amid »
- « Between » pomeni, da je nekaj med dvema stvarema.
- I’m standing between my two best friends.
- « Among » pomeni, da je nekaj sredi skupine več kot dveh elementov, brez natančne fizične omejenosti.
- She found a letter among the papers on her desk.
- « Amid » pomeni, da je nekaj obkroženo ali potopljeno v nekaj (običajno v situacijo, ozračje). Uporablja se predvsem v formalnem ali literarnem jeziku.
- They stayed calm amid the chaos.
« Across » - « Through » - « Along »
-
« Across » označuje prehod čez nekaj, iz enega konca na drugega.
- They walked across the street.
-
« Through » izpostavlja gibanje znotraj zaprtega prostora ali mase.
- We drove through the tunnel.
-
« Along » označuje gibanje ali položaj ob črti ali robu.
- She walked along the river.
2. Predlogi časa
Predlogi časa označujejo kdaj se dogodek zgodi, njegovo trajanje ali pogostost.
| Predlog | Pomen | Primer |
|---|---|---|
| in | Za mesece, leta, stoletja, dele dneva | We met in July. |
| on | Za dneve, točne datume in dogodke | The meeting is on Monday. |
| at | Za ure in točne trenutke | I will see you at 5 PM. |
| by | Do določenega trenutka (rok) | Finish the report by Friday. |
| before | Pred določenim trenutkom | I arrived before noon. |
| after | Po določenem trenutku | Let's meet after lunch. |
| until | Do določenega trenutka | She stayed until midnight. |
| till | Do določenega trenutka (bolj neformalno) | I'll wait till you arrive. |
| since | Od določenega časa | I have lived here since 2010. |
| for | Za določeno trajanje | They traveled for two months. |
| during | Med določenim obdobjem | It rained during the night. |
| within | V določenem obdobju | The package will arrive within 24 hours. |
| from | Začetek obdobja | We worked from 9 AM to 5 PM. |
| to | Konec obdobja | The shop is open from Monday to Friday. |
| between | Obdobje med dvema točkama | The event takes place between 3 PM and 5 PM. |
| around | Približno ob tem času | He arrived around noon. |
| about | Približno ob tem času | The class starts about 10 AM. |
| past | Po določeni uri | It's past midnight. |
| up to | Do določenega trenutka | The offer is valid up to the end of the month. |
| as of | Od določenega trenutka | The policy applies as of next year. |
| throughout | Čez celo obdobje | The song played throughout the concert. |
| over | V določenem obdobju | He stayed over the weekend. |
| ahead of | Pred določenim časom (bolj formalno) | We must plan ahead of the deadline. |
« In » - « on » - « at »
- « In » se običajno uporablja za daljša obdobja (meseci, leta, letni časi, deli dneva).
- in May, in 2025, in the morning
- He was born in 1990.
- It often rains in winter.
- « On » se uporablja za dneve in točne datume.
- on Monday, on December 5th
- My birthday is on July 10th.
- We will meet on Christmas Day.
- « At » označuje točen trenutek.
- at 5:00 PM, at sunrise, at midday
- Let’s meet at noon.
- We usually have dinner at 7 PM.
Razlike med « in », « on » in « at »
- In the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening, vendar at night (idiomatska izjema).
- At the weekend (britanska angleščina), on the weekend (ameriška angleščina).
« By » - « before » - « until » - « from ... to »
-
« By » nakazuje rok, skrajni čas.
- Finish this report by Friday.
(najkasneje do petka) - I’ll be there by 6 PM.
(ob 6. uri zvečer)
- Finish this report by Friday.
-
« Before » pomeni, da se nekaj zgodi pred drugim dogodkom ali časom.
- We must leave before sunset.
- Finish your homework before dinner.
-
« Until » nakazuje trajanje dejanja ali stanja do določenega trenutka.
- I stayed at the office until 7 PM.
- He waited till midnight.
_(bolj neformalna raba za \until)
-
« From ... to » nakazuje začetek in konec obdobja.
- I work from 9 AM to 5 PM.
- They were on vacation from Monday to Thursday.
« During » - « for » - « since »
-
« During » poudarja obdobje, v katerem se dogodek zgodi, ne določa natančnega trajanja.
- He called me during the meeting.
- It rained during the night.
-
« For » označuje trajanje.
- They studied for three hours.
- We lived in London for five years.
-
« Since » se uporablja za označevanje začetka v preteklosti in dejanja ali stanja, ki traja do sedanjosti.
- I have lived here since 2010.
- She has been waiting since this morning.
3. Predlogi smeri ali gibanja
Ti predlogi opisujejo, kam se premikamo ali kako se gibanje dogaja.
| Predlog | Pomen | Primer |
|---|---|---|
| across | S strani na stran | He walked across the street. |
| through | Skozi zaprt prostor | The train passed through the tunnel. |
| along | Ob, vzdolž | We walked along the beach. |
| onto | Na površino | He jumped onto the table. |
| into | V notranjost prostora | She went into the room. |
| out of | Ven iz | He got out of the car. |
| from | Izvor gibanja | He came from London. |
| towards | V smeri proti | She ran towards the exit. |
| to | Proti cilju | We are going to Paris. |
| off | S površine | She fell off the chair. |
| up | Navzgor | He climbed up the ladder. |
| down | Navzdol | She walked down the stairs. |
| beyond | Onkraj | The town is beyond the hills. |
| past | Mimo | She walked past the bank. |
| around | Okoli | They traveled around the world. |
« To » - « into » - « onto »
- « To » nakazuje smer ali cilj.
- I’m going to the store.
- He walked to the bus stop.
- « Into » izpostavi, da nekdo ali nekaj vstopi v prostor / drug predmet.
- She poured the tea into the cup.
- « Onto » označuje gibanje na površino.
- He jumped onto the table.
Zmeda med « in » / « into » ali « on » / « onto »
- « In » (statično) proti « into » (gibanje za vstop).
- (statični položaj) : She is in the room.
- (gibanje za vstop) : She walked into the room.
- « On » (statično) proti « Onto » (gibanje za vzpon).
- (statični položaj) : He stands on the stage.
- (gibanje za vzpon) : He jumps onto the stage.
In / To + država
- Uporablja se « in » za označitev, da se nahajamo v državi.
- He lives in Spain.
- Uporablja se « to » za izražanje gibanja proti državi ali mestu
- He moved to Spain last year.
« Around » - « About »
- « Around » ali « about » lahko nakazujeta krožno gibanje ali približno okoli kraja.
- He wandered around the park.
- They walked about the city, exploring the streets. (bolj literarna ali regionalna raba)
4. Druge pogoste predloge in njihova uporaba
| Predlog | Pomen | Primer |
|---|---|---|
| with | Označuje družbo, uporabo orodja ali način | She wrote with a pen. / I went to the party with my friends. |
| without | Označuje odsotnost nečesa | He left without his phone. |
| by | Uporablja se za označevanje agensa dejanja (pasivno), načina prevoza ali bližine kraja | The book was written by Shakespeare. / We traveled by car. |
| about | Označuje temo pogovora ali približno število | We talked about the new project. / There were about 50 people in the room. |
| like | Uvaja primerjavo | She runs like a cheetah. |
| as | Označuje funkcijo, vlogo ali primerjavo | He works as a teacher. / Do it as I showed you. |
| except | Izključuje element | Everyone came except John. |
| apart from | Lahko pomeni »razen« ali »poleg« glede na kontekst | Apart from English, he speaks Spanish. |
| instead of | Označuje alternativo | Take tea instead of coffee. |
| according to | Označuje vir informacije | According to the news, it's going to rain. |
| because of | Označuje vzrok dogodka | The flight was delayed because of the storm. |
| due to | Bolj formalna oblika za »because of« | The delay was due to technical issues. |
| owing to | Prav tako se uporablja za označitev vzroka (bolj formalno) | The match was canceled owing to heavy rain. |
| thanks to | Označuje pozitiven vzrok | We succeeded thanks to your help. |
| in spite of | Označuje nasprotje | He finished the race in spite of his injury. |
| despite | Sinonim za »in spite of« | She won despite the difficulties. |
| instead | Označuje zamenjavo (brez »of«) | I didn't take the bus. I walked instead. |
| unlike | Označuje razliko | Unlike his brother, he loves sports. |
| contrary to | Označuje nasprotje glede prepričanja ali pričakovanja | Contrary to popular belief, bats are not blind. |
| regarding | Uvaja predmet dokumenta ali pogovora | I have a question regarding your proposal. |
| concerning | Sinonim za »regarding« | He called me concerning the contract. |
| apart | Označuje ločenost | They live far apart from each other. |
| toward(s) | Označuje namen ali abstraktno smer | His attitude towards work has changed. |
| beyond | Označuje preseženo mejo (figurativno ali prostorsko) | This problem is beyond my understanding. |
| against | Označuje nasprotovanje ali fizični stik | They are against the new policy. / She leaned against the wall. |
| per | Označuje pogostost ali delež | He earns $20 per hour. |
| via | Označuje posrednika ali prehodno točko | We traveled to Italy via Paris. |
| as for | Uvaja drugo temo v pogovoru | As for the budget, we need to cut costs. |
| as well as | Označuje dodatek | She speaks French as well as Spanish. |
| rather than | Označuje prednost | I would stay home rather than go out. |
| except for | Označuje izjemo | The report is complete except for a few details. |
« With » - « Without »
- « With » označuje družbo, uporabo orodja ali način, kako nekaj naredimo.
- I went to the party with my friends.
- She cut the bread with a knife.
- « Without » pomeni odsotnost nekoga ali nečesa.
- He left without saying goodbye.
- I can’t live without music.
« By »
« By » ima več pomenov glede na kontekst:
- Pri pasivni obliki « by » uvaja avtorja.
- This book was written by J.K. Rowling.
- « By » označuje način ali orodje za izvedbo dejanja.
- We traveled by car / by train / by plane.
- « By » nakazuje lokacijo (blizu, ob nečem)
- My house is by the river.
- « By » pomeni tudi "mimo"
- We walked by the park on our way home.
« About »
« About » lahko pomeni « o » ali « približno ».
- We talked about the new movie.
(tema pogovora) - There were about fifty people at the party.
(približno)
« Like » - « As »
« Like » omogoča primerjavo 2 stvari ali 2 situacij.
- He runs like a cheetah.
« As » ima več pomenov. Pogost je « kot ».
- I work as a teacher. (kot učitelj)
Razlika med « like » in « as »
« Like » in « as » sta včasih izmenljiva za izražanje primerjave, vendar:
- « as » pogosto uvaja stavčno zvezo (as if, as though)
- « like » običajno sledi samostalnik ali zaimek.
« Except » - « Apart from »
« Except » označuje izključitev elementa.
- Everyone passed the exam except John.
« Apart from » pomeni « razen, poleg », odvisno od konteksta.
- Apart from Monday, I’m free all week.
(izključitev ponedeljka) - Apart from that little issue, everything went fine.
(razen te male težave je bilo vse ok)
5. Posebni primeri in pasti
« At night » vs. « in the night »
« At night » se uporablja za noč kot čas dneva.
- I usually sleep at night.
« In the night » pomeni med nočjo, pogosto za poseben dogodek, ki se zgodi v času noči.
- It started raining in the night.
(poudarek na posebnem trenutku ponoči)
« Different from » - « different to » - « different than »
« Different from » je najpogostejša in velja za standardno.
- His style is different from mine.
« Different to » se uporablja predvsem v britanski angleščini
- This country is different to what I expected.
« Different than » je pogosteje v ameriški angleščini
- This result is different than I thought.
« Home » (pogosto) brez predloga:
Ko rečemo, da gremo domov, navadno uporabimo go home brez predloga.
✅ I’m going home.
❌ I’m going to home.
« Ask for something » (ne »ask something«):
Za prošnjo za nekaj je predlog for nujen.
- She asked for advice.
« Look at » - « look for » - « look after » - « look into »
« Look at » pomeni « gledati nekaj ».
- Look at that beautiful sunset.
« Look for » pomeni « iskati nekaj ».
- I’m looking for my keys.
« Look after » pomeni « skrbeti za », « paziti na ».
- She looks after her younger siblings.
« Look into » pomeni « preučiti », « podrobno raziskati problem ».
- We need to look into this matter.
« Listen to » in « hear »
« Listen to » je ekvivalent za « poslušati ». Poslušamo z namenom.
- I’m listening to music.
« Hear » pomeni « slišati ». Zvok zaznamo, ne nujno z pozornostjo.
- I can’t hear you properly.
« Wait for » in « wait on »
« Wait for someone/something » pomeni « čakati na nekoga/nekaj ».
- I’m waiting for the train.
« Wait on someone » pomeni « streči komu ». Uporablja se predvsem v gostinstvu, je pa redko.
- He waited on tables during the summer.
(delal kot natakar)
« Agree with » - « Agree on » - « Agree to »
« Agree with someone » pomeni « strinjati se » z osebo ali mnenjem.
- I agree with you.
« Agree on a topic » pomeni « uskladiti se » glede teme.
- We agreed on the best course of action.
« Agree to something » pomeni « pristati », « dati soglasje » k predlogu.
- He agreed to help us.
« Depend on » vs. « Depend of »
V angleščini rečemo depend on
✅ It depends on the weather.
❌ It depends of the weather.
« Belong to »
Za označevanje lastništva uporabimo « belong to »
- This book belongs to me.
Sestava s « made of » - « made from » - « made out of » - « made with »
« Made of » se uporablja, kadar material ni spremenjen (les ostane les).
- This table is made of wood.
« Made from » se uporablja, kadar izvorni material ni več prepoznaven.
- Wine is made from grapes.
« Made out of » poudari spremembo predmeta v nekaj drugega.
- This sculpture was made out of scrap metal.
« Made with » navede glavno sestavino ali komponento (pogosto za hrano).
- This cake is made with chocolate.
Napačno izpuščanje ali dodajanje to
Nekateri glagoli zahtevajo predlog to
- listen to, belong to, object to
Drugi glagoli ne potrebujejo predloga to
- attack someone, ne attack to someone
Razlike med britansko in ameriško angleščino
- On the weekend (ZDA) vs. At the weekend (VB).
- Different than (ZDA) vs. Different from/to (VB).
Zaključek
Predlogi so med ključnimi točkami, ki jih preverja TOEIC®. Za boljši rezultat je bistveno:
- Obvladati njihove osnovne funkcije (kraj, čas, smer itd.) da ne izgubite točk pri nalogah razumevanja ali slovnice.
- Posvetiti se subtilnim pomenom in idiomatskim konstrukcijam (na primer look at, look for, itd.), saj se pojavljajo v delih Reading in Listening.
- Spoznati izjeme ter regionalne razlike (britanska vs. ameriška angleščina), ker TOEIC® pogosto vključuje besedila in zvočne posnetke iz različnih registrov angleščine.
Drugi tečaji
Tukaj so še drugi slovnični tečaji za TOEIC®: