英语比较级课程 - TOEIC®备考

比较级用于比较两个元素，明确某个特征在一方比另一方更加、多、少或一样。其构成方式会根据所用形容词的长度和类型而变化。

1. 用短形容词比较两件事物

一个形容词被认为是短的，当它：

• 只有一个音节（small, big, tall）。
• 有两个音节并以-y结尾（happy, easy, funny）。

短形容词比较级的构成规则如下：

A. 如果形容词只有一个音节

在比较级中，直接在形容词后加上**"er"，再加“than”**。

B. 如果形容词是单音节并以辅音结尾

对于单音节短形容词，当词尾是辅音 + 元音 + 辅音结构时，在加“er”之前需要双写最后一个辅音字母。

C. 如果形容词有两个音节并以-y结尾

对于两个音节且以“-y”结尾的形容词，先将“y”换为“i”，再加“er”和“than”。

• happy → happier than (比...开心)
  • She looks happier than yesterday.
    (她看起来比昨天开心。)
• easy → easier than (比...容易)
  • This exercise is easier than the previous one.
    (这个练习比之前的容易。)
• funny → funnier than (比...有趣)
  • This comedian is funnier than the one we saw last week.
    (这个喜剧演员比我们上周看的那个更有趣。)

2. 用长形容词比较两件事物

长形容词指的是两个及以上音节，且不以“-y”结尾（如：important, expensive, comfortable）。

3. 比较级的不规则形容词

有些形容词的比较级和最高级构成是不规则的，不遵循上述规则，常见如下：

4. 不同类型的比较级

A. 比较级的“更少”结构：less ... than

比较级的“更少”结构用less + 形容词 + than。所有形容词都可用这种结构，无论长短。

• This chair is less comfortable than the armchair.
  (这把椅子不如扶手椅舒服。)
• He is less patient than his brother.
  (他没有他哥哥有耐心。)

B. 比较级的“同等”结构：as ... as / as much ... as / as many ... as

比较级的“同等”结构表示两个元素在某特征上完全一致。

• 用于名词：the same + 名词 + as
  • She bought the same dress as me.
    (她买了和我一样的裙子。)
• 用于形容词：as + 形容词 + as
  • The task is as difficult as I thought.
    (这项任务和我想的一样难。)

其他变体

表达同等比较级时还有一些变体：

• 否定形式：not as ... as （≈ less ... than）
  • It is not as effective as we expected
    (这没有我们预期的那么有效。)
• 几乎一样：almost / nearly as + 形容词 + as
  • The project is nearly as complex as the last one.
    (这个项目几乎和上一个一样复杂。)
• 完全一样：just as + 形容词 + as
  • This solution is just as practical as the first one.
    (这个方案和第一个一样实用。)
• 两倍/半数：twice / half as ... (as ...)
  • This apartment is twice as big as my old one.
    (这套公寓是我以前的两倍大。)
• N倍更贵：N times as expensive (as ...)
  • This watch is five times as expensive as mine.
    (这块手表是我的五倍贵。)

比较数量

比较数量时，不可数名词用 as much as，可数名词用 as many as。

• as much as 用于不可数名词：
  • She earns as much money as her colleague.
    (她和同事收入一样多。)
  • This recipe requires as much sugar as the other one.
    (这个食谱和另一个需要同样多的糖。)
• as many as 用于可数名词：
  • He has as many responsibilities as his manager.
    (他和经理有一样多的职责。)
  • There were as many guests at the party as last year.
    (聚会上的宾客和去年一样多。)

C. “越来越...”和“越来越少...”

表达递增或递减，用结构comparative + and + comparative。

• It is getting colder and colder outside.
  (外面越来越冷了。)
• The city is becoming more and more crowded.
  (城市变得越来越拥挤。)
• He is getting less and less interested in his job.
  (他对工作越来越没兴趣。)

D. “越...越...”与“越...越少...”

表达因果关系，用the + 比较级, the + 比较级结构。

• The healthier you eat, the better you feel.
  (你吃得越健康，感觉越好。)
• The more experience you have, the easier it gets.
  (经验越多，越容易。)
• The faster you run, the more exhausted you get.
  (你跑得越快，越累。)

E. 精确地表达比较

要表达更精准的比较，可以在比较级前加一些副词，如slightly, a bit, somewhat, much, far, a great deal。

• This jacket is slightly more expensive than the other one.
  (这件夹克比另一件稍微贵一些。)
• The problem is far more complex than expected.
  (这个问题比预期复杂得多。)
• This laptop is a bit faster than my old one.
  (这台笔记本比我旧的快一点。)

用“even”强调比较

• The situation is even worse than we thought.
  (情况比我们想象的还糟糕。)

用“any”或“no”强调没有区别

• The new version is no better than the previous one.
  (新版本并不比旧版本好。)
• We can't wait any longer for an answer.
  (我们不能再等答案了。)

F. 数量上的比较（可数与不可数名词）

比较数量或金额时，用more, less, fewer, not as much as, not as many as等。

• 可数名词（fewer, more, many）
  • We need to hire more employees this year.
    (今年我们需要招聘更多员工。)
  • There are fewer opportunities in this industry than before.
    (这个行业的机会比以前少了。)
  • She doesn’t have as many tasks as her colleague.
    (她的任务没有同事多。)
• 不可数名词（less, more, much）
  • He has more patience than I do.
    (他比我有耐心。)
  • We should consume less sugar.
    (我们应该少摄入糖分。)
  • We didn’t gain as much profit as last year.
    (我们获得的利润不如去年多。)

结论

总结来说，英语比较级可以用多种方式比较两个元素：

• 比较级的“更少” (less ... than) 用于表示“比...少”
• 比较级的“同等” (as ... as) 用于表示“和...一样”
• 变体如“几乎一样” (almost/nearly as)、“完全一样” (just as)
• 数量表达用as much as（不可数名词）和as many as（可数名词）
• 递增/递减表达用**“越来越多”** (more and more) 和**“越来越少”** (less and less)
• 因果关系表达用**“越...越...”** (the... the)

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