英语冠词课程 - TOEIC®备考

英语中的冠词(articles)对于清晰表达和理解句子精确含义至关重要。英语有两个不定冠词("a"和“an”)、一个定冠词(“the”),以及许多场合根本不使用冠词(被称为“zero article”)。
本课程将详细讲解每一类冠词及其用法。
1. 不定冠词:“A”和“An”
不定冠词“a”和“an”主要用于单数可数名词(即可以数的名词)之前。它们表示“一个”,用来介绍某个不具体、首次提及的事物。
A. 何时使用“A”或“An”?
我们在以下情况下使用**“a”或“an”**:
- 首次提到某事物时
- I saw a dog in the park.
(这里说的是某只狗,未指明是哪一只。) - She is reading a book.
(还不知道是哪本书。)
- I saw a dog in the park.
- 用于描述职业、角色或身份
- He is a doctor.
(他是一名医生。) - She wants to be an actress.
(她想当演员。)
- He is a doctor.
- 用于表示度量(时间、距离、数量、价格、速度、频率)
- I go to the gym twice a week.
- He bought a dozen eggs.
- It costs a hundred dollars.
- He was driving at 80 miles an hour.
- 用来表示某类事物中的一个成员
- A smartphone is a useful device.
(智能手机(泛指)很实用。) - A cat is an independent animal.
(猫(泛指)很独立。)
- A smartphone is a useful device.
- 在某些描述或比较表达中
- What a beautiful day!
- She is as fast as a cheetah.
- 与部分不定数量表达(a lot of, quite a, a few, a little, a couple of, rather 等)
- I have a few friends in New York.
- Can I have a little sugar?
B. 如何选择“A”和“An”?
“A”用于辅音音素开头的单词(即单词以辅音发音开始)。
- A cat, A book, A university
(注意,虽然“university”以元音字母“u”开头,但首音为 /y/(如“you”),所以用“a”。) - He wants to buy a European car.
(“European”虽以“E”开头,但首音也是/y/,应使用“a”。)
“An”用于元音音素开头的单词。
- An apple, An elephant, An honest man
(“honest”中的“h”不发音,起始是元音音。) - She bought an orange for breakfast.
(“orange”以元音/o/开头,所以用“an”。)
记住 > “A”用在辅音音素前:/b/、/k/、/t/、/y/等。 “An”用在元音音素前:/a/、/e/、/i/、/o/、/u/,以及不发音的“h”。
2. 定冠词:“The”
“The”在中文可译为“这个”、“那(些)”,但英语中在以下情境统一用“the”:
A. 明确指代与唯一性
指明独一无二或众所周知的事物
- 已提及的物品或地点:如果某事物已被前文提到或对方已知情,用**“the”**:
- Could you pass me the pen we bought yesterday?
(请把我们昨天买的那支笔递给我。)
- Could you pass me the pen we bought yesterday?
- 独一无二的事物:对于世界上独一无二的事物用“the”:
- The Earth orbits the Sun.
(地球绕太阳运行。)
- The Earth orbits the Sun.
明确限定信息
“The”用于语境或修饰语使事物变得特定时:
- Enter the room; the host is waiting inside.
(请进房间,主人在里面等你。)
B. 地点、地理实体与机构
命名特定地理位置
- 河流、海洋和运河:这些地名前用“the”:
- The Nile flows through several African countries.
(尼罗河流经多个非洲国家。) - The Mediterranean has witnessed centuries of history.
(地中海见证了数百年历史。)
- The Nile flows through several African countries.
- 山脉、群岛:对于自然群体用“the”:
- The Andes span a vast region in South America.
(安第斯山脉横跨南美大片地区。)
- The Andes span a vast region in South America.
指代机构、企业和组织
某些机构名称、单位或媒体通常用“the”:
- We watched a documentary on The History Channel last night.
(昨晚我们看了The History Channel的纪录片。) - The Louvre attracts millions of visitors every year.
(卢浮宫每年吸引数百万游客。)
C. 群体、物种与比较
表示特定群体
- 家族或人群:用“the”来指一家人或某一群体:
- The Smiths are hosting a reunion next month.
(史密斯一家下月要举办家庭聚会。)
- The Smiths are hosting a reunion next month.
- 带有形容词的群体:用“the”指某类人群或普遍现象:
- The elderly often need extra care during winter.
(老年人在冬季常需额外照顾。)
- The elderly often need extra care during winter.
用于比较和最高级
“The”在比较与最高级表达中不可或缺:
- She is recognized as the most creative artist of her time.
(她被誉为那个时代最有创造力的艺术家。) - They opted for the same design as last year.
(他们选择了和去年一样的设计。)
3. 零冠词(Zero Article,无冠词)
英语中经常不使用定冠词或不定冠词。为避免混淆,以下是最常见的零冠词用法:
A. 语言、学科及一般活动
- 语言及大学课程:谈论某种语言或学科时不加冠词
- They speak Spanish fluently.
(他们西班牙语说得很流利。) - He studies biology at university.
(他在大学学生物。)
- They speak Spanish fluently.
- 休闲及日常活动:涉及活动名称或兴趣爱好,表示泛指行为时不加冠词
- Running relaxes me after a long day.
(长时间工作后,跑步能让我放松。) - Chess requires strategic thinking.
(下棋需要策略思考。)
- Running relaxes me after a long day.
B. 地点与空间:从城市到天体
- 城市、国家及简单地理空间:说到著名地点,未加修饰时不加冠词
- She traveled to Brazil last summer.
(去年夏天她去了巴西。) - He lives in Tokyo.
(他住在东京。)
- She traveled to Brazil last summer.
- 街道、公园及公共场所:通用的街道、公园或社区名称,在一般语境下不加冠词
- They met at Elm Street for a quick coffee.
(他们在埃姆街见面喝了杯咖啡。)
- They met at Elm Street for a quick coffee.
- 行星、天体等:大多数行星和天体名称前不加冠词
- Saturn and Jupiter were clearly visible last night.
(昨晚土星和木星非常清晰。)
- Saturn and Jupiter were clearly visible last night.
C. 普遍概念与抽象概念
- 普遍真理与抽象概念:讨论抽象或普遍概念时不加冠词,强调其整体属性
- Hope inspires people to overcome obstacles.
(希望激励人们克服障碍。) - Nature offers endless surprises.
(大自然充满无尽的惊喜。)
- Hope inspires people to overcome obstacles.
- 不可数名词和复数:谈论不可数名词或复数,突出其泛指性时不加冠词
- Water is essential for life.
(水对生命至关重要。) - Dogs make great companions.
(狗是很棒的伙伴。)
- Water is essential for life.
D. 特定情境与例外
- 数字及具体编号:当某名词紧接编号或专门称谓时,不加冠词
- The lecture will take place in hall 202.
(讲座将在202号厅举行。)
- The lecture will take place in hall 202.
- 部分媒体及标题:大部分报刊或杂志名称前不加冠词,除非标题本身已含冠词
- I read Time every week.
(我每周都读《时代》杂志。) - Rolling Stone is known for its in-depth music reviews.
(《滚石》杂志以深入的音乐评论著称。)
- I read Time every week.
- 泛指数量表达:表示**“多数”但不具体指明时不加冠词**
- Many appreciate a well-crafted story.
(许多人欣赏精心编写的故事。)
- Many appreciate a well-crafted story.
- 疾病与状态:讨论某些疾病名称时,为强调泛指不加冠词,特殊情况下除外
- Diabetes is a growing concern worldwide.
(糖尿病已成全球性难题。) - Influenza can spread quickly during the winter.
(流感在冬季传播很快。)
- Diabetes is a growing concern worldwide.
- 日常场所:提到如工作或学校等日常活动场所,泛指行为时不加冠词
- He is already at work.
(他已经在上班了。) - After school, the kids usually head straight home.
(放学后,孩子们通常直接回家。)
- He is already at work.
4. 区别与特殊情况
A. 泛指(不可数名词或复数)
- Music is a universal language.
泛指“music”时,前面不用“the”。 - Cars are useful in the countryside.
泛指复数,不加冠词。
但如果是具体某项或特定群体,要加**“the”**:
- The music at yesterday's concert was incredible.
这里指的是演唱会上的具体音乐。 - The cars parked outside are blocking the entrance.
指某些具体的车,而非所有车。
B. 可数名词 vs. 不可数名词
- 可数名词(book, chair, idea...)单数时,需加冠词(或“my”、“some”等限定词)
- I have a book.
- I have the book.
- I have my book.
- 不可数名词(water, advice, information...)泛指时通常不加冠词,指具体内容时可加**“the”**
- Information is key in this project.
- The information you provided was very helpful.
(特指)
- Information is key in this project.
C. 职位、头衔、职称
- 泛指某职位时不用“the”:
- He was elected president in 2020.
- 指某人的特定职位时用“the”:
- He is the President of the United States.
结论
英语冠词在语言的准确性与清晰表达中扮演关键角色。“A”与“an”用于首次出现或不特定的单数可数名词;“the”用于已经提到、特定或独一无二的事物。部分名词,特别是抽象概念、语言、餐饮及地理名称等通常不用冠词(“zero article”)。
在TOEIC®考试中,冠词常见于语法题和阅读理解题。掌握**“a”、“an”和“the”的用法能够避免错误**,有效提升分数。
其他课程
以下为TOEIC®语法课程推荐: