TOEIC®备考课程：短语动词讲解
短语动词（英语称"phrasal verb"）是指在一个动词后面加上一个小词（通常为 up、out、in、off、on、over、away 等）。例如，“to look” 意为“看”，但**“to look after”** 意为“照料/照看”，而 “to look up to” 则表示“仰慕、敬仰”。
这些小词（即“particles”）起着至关重要的作用：它们要么彻底改变动词的意思，要么为其增加特别的语义色彩。下面是一个典型例子：
- To break：打碎
- To break down：抛锚/（情感上）崩溃
- To break in：闯入（非法进入）
- To break up：分手（结束一段关系）
1. 短语动词的构成方式
基本原则很简单：用动词搭配一个小词（particle）。这个小词可以是
- 一个介词（in, on, at, by, after, for 等）。
- To run into someone（偶遇某人）
- 一个副词（up, down, away, off 等）。
- To sit down（坐下）
- To go away（离开）
有时候，会用到两个小词，形成所谓的phrasal-prepositional verbs（短语-介词型动词）。
- To put up with something（忍受某事）
→ 这里的 particle 是 “up with”。
2. 短语动词的不同类别
A. 及物与不及物的短语动词
- 及物短语动词：需要有一个宾语（可以是直接宾语或间接宾语）。
- To put out a fire（灭火）→ “a fire” 是宾语。
- To hand in a paper（上交论文/作业）→ “a paper” 是宾语。
- 不及物短语动词：不需要宾语。
- To break down（抛锚）→ 动词后无需特定宾语。
- To go away（离开）→ 动词后也没有其他成分跟随。
直接宾语（Direktes Objekt）直接补足动词，无需介词。在动词后问“什么？”或“谁？”即可找到。 → 我吃了一个苹果。→ 我吃了什么？一个苹果
间接宾语（Indirektes Objekt）需通过介词（如：给、从、为等）连接动词。在动词后问“给谁？”，“关于什么？”等即可找到。 → 我和我的朋友说话。→ 我和谁说？和我的朋友。
代词的特殊规则
如果宾语是代词，那么必须放在动词和小词之间。
- ✅ I turned it off.
❌ I turned off it. - ✅ She picked him up.
❌ She picked up him. - ✅ Can you put it on?
❌ Can you put on it?
B. 可分与不可分的短语动词（针对及物动词）
- 可分短语动词：宾语可以放在动词和小词之间，也可以放在小词后面。
- To turn off the light = To turn the light off
“off” 可以放在“light”后，也可以直接跟在“turn”后。 - Turn off the TV = Turn the TV off
(关电视) - Pick up the phone = Pick the phone up
(接电话)
- To turn off the light = To turn the light off
- 不可分短语动词：宾语不能插在动词和小词之间，必须始终放在小词之后。
- To look after someone
(照料某人)- 不能说“To look someone after”。
- 正确说法始终是：“I look after my nephew every weekend.”
- To look after someone
C. 双小词短语动词（phrasal-prepositional verbs）
有些动词结合了两个小词，而宾语必须始终放在最后：
- To put up with something（忍受）
- I can't put up with the noise anymore!
- To look forward to something（期待）
- I’m looking forward to the holidays.
- To get on with someone（与某人相处融洽）
- He gets on with his new colleagues really well.
4. 字面意义与引申意义
短语动词既可以有字面意义，即与小词含义密切相关，也可以有引申意义，与原动词意义大相径庭。因此，应单独记忆这些动词，并熟练掌握常见用法。
- 字面意义（与动词和小词含义接近）：
- To come in：进来（直接含义：“来”+“进入里面”）
- To go out：出去（同理：“去”+“到外面”）
- 引申意义（不易直接推断）：
- To bring up a topic：提出一个话题
- To bring up a child：抚养一个孩子
- To give up：放弃，不再做某事
- To make up a story：编造一个故事/撒谎
- To take off：起飞（飞机），或指“事业腾飞”
- His career took off suddenly.（他的事业突然起飞了。）
5. 常见短语动词一览
以下为常用短语动词举例：
| Phrasal Verb | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| Get up | 起床 | I get up at 7 AM every day. |
| Wake up | 醒来 | He wakes up late on weekends. |
| Put on | 穿上（衣物） | She put on her jacket before going out. |
| Take off | 脱下（衣物）/起飞 | She took off her shoes. / The plane took off at 9 AM. |
| Look for | 寻找 | I’m looking for my keys. |
| Look after | 照顾 | I look after my younger brother when my parents are away. |
| Look up to | 尊敬，仰慕 | I look up to my mother; she’s my role model. |
| Look forward to | 期待 | I’m looking forward to my birthday party. |
| Turn on / Turn off | 打开/关闭（设备） | Could you turn on the lights? / Turn off the TV, please. |
| Pick up | 捡起/接人/学会 | Pick up your clothes. / I’ll pick you up at 8 PM. / He picked up Spanish. |
| Give up | 放弃 | I will never give up on my dreams. |
| Bring up | 抚养/提出（话题） | She was brought up by her grandparents. / He brought up the issue at the meeting. |
| Catch up (with) | 赶上/弥补（进度） | I need to catch up on my reading. / You go ahead; I’ll catch up with you later. |
| Carry on | 继续 | Carry on with your work. |
| Run into | 偶遇 | I ran into an old friend at the supermarket. |
| Hold on | 稍等/不要挂断 | Please hold on, I’ll check the information. |
| Find out | 查明，获悉 | I found out that he had moved to another city. |
| Work out | 解决/锻炼 | We need to work out a better strategy. / I work out at the gym three times a week. |
| Throw away | 扔掉 | Don’t throw away the receipts; you might need them. |
| Sort out | 解决，整理 | We need to sort out this issue before the deadline. |
| Give in | 屈服，投降 | He finally gave in to the pressure. |
| Call off | 取消 | They called off the meeting due to bad weather. |
| Break down | 抛锚/情绪崩溃 | My car broke down on the highway. / She broke down in tears. |
| Break up | 分手 | They broke up after five years together. |
| Set up | 建立，成立 | They set up a new company last year. |
| Put up with | 忍受 | I can’t put up with this noise anymore. |
| Take over | 接管 | The company was taken over by a competitor. |
| Back up | 备份/支持 | You should back up your files. / He backed up his friend during the argument. |
| Come across | 偶然发现 | I came across an interesting article online. |
| Hang up | 挂断电话 | She hung up before I could say goodbye. |
| Go over | 复习，检查 | Let’s go over the details before the presentation. |
| Turn down | 拒绝 | He turned down the job offer. |
| Bring in | 引进，带来 | The company brought in new regulations last month. |
| Run out of | 用完，耗尽 | We ran out of milk this morning. |
| Show up | 出现，到场 | He showed up late to the meeting. |
| Make up | 编造/和解 | He made up an excuse. / They made up after the argument. |
| Go through | 经历 | She went through a tough time last year. |
| Drop in | 顺便拜访 | She dropped in to say hello. |
| Fall through | 失败，落空 | Our vacation plans fell through due to bad weather. |
| Get in touch | 取得联系 | I need to get in touch with my lawyer. |
| Keep up with | 跟上，保持同步 | He walks so fast I can’t keep up with him. |
| Look up | 查阅（如字典、网络） | I looked up the meaning of the word online. |
| Make up for | 弥补 | She tried to make up for her mistake by apologizing. |
| Narrow down | 缩小范围 | We need to narrow down the candidates to three finalists. |
| Own up to | 承认 | He owned up to breaking the vase. |
| Step down | 辞职，下台 | The CEO decided to step down after ten years in office. |
结论
短语动词是掌握日常英语的核心要素，并且在TOEIC®阅读与听力部分极为常见。虽然由于其多义性和复杂结构（可分、不可分，及物、不及物）初学时可能令人困惑，但经过训练你可以自然地识别并运用这些表达。