英语介词课程 - TOEIC®备考

在英语中,介词是一个词(或词组),用于在名词(或代词)和句子的其他部分之间建立关系。它可以表示位置、时间、方向、原因、所属关系、施事者等。
- The book is on the table.
(介词 on 连接了 book 和 table,表示位置。)
大多数情况下,介词位于名词或代词之前。然而,在现代英语中,在某些日常用语和习惯表达中,有时允许以介词结尾的句子。
- What are you looking for?
(常用问句,允许句末介词) - This is the house in which I grew up.
(更正式的说法,避免句末出现介词)
1. 地点介词
地点介词用于表示某人或某物在空间中的位置。
介词 | 含义 | 例句 |
---|---|---|
in | 在内部 | She is in the room. |
on | 在表面上 | The book is on the table. |
at | 在精确点 | We met at the bus stop. |
above | 在上方(无接触) | The painting is above the fireplace. |
over | 在上方(有覆盖) | She put a blanket over the baby. |
below | 在下方(无接触) | The temperature is below zero. |
under | 在下面(可能有接触) | The shoes are under the bed. |
beneath | 在下方(文学用法) | He hid the letter beneath his pillow. |
between | 在两物之间 | She sat between her two friends. |
among | 在多物之间 | He was among the crowd. |
amid | 处于...之中(正式用法) | They remained calm amid the chaos. |
inside | 在里面 | She is inside the house. |
outside | 在外面 | He waited outside the building. |
near | 靠近 | The school is near the park. |
next to | 在旁边 | She sat next to me. |
beside | 在旁边(同义词) | He placed his bag beside the chair. |
by | 在旁边 | The house is by the river. |
adjacent to | 毗邻 | The café is adjacent to the bookstore. |
behind | 在后面 | The car is behind the truck. |
in front of | 在前面 | He stood in front of the mirror. |
before | 在前面(顺序或时间) | She arrived before noon. |
underneath | 在下面(比'under'更隐蔽) | The keys were underneath the papers. |
opposite | 在对面 | The restaurant is opposite the cinema. |
within | 在...范围内 | The package will arrive within two days. |
without | 没有 | He left without his keys. |
against | 靠在表面上 | She leaned against the wall. |
alongside | 平行于,沿着 | The ship sailed alongside the coast. |
「in」 - 「on」 - 「at」
-
「in」 用于指封闭空间或地理区域,强调在定义好范围的内部。
- She is in the kitchen.
- They live in France.
- The keys are in my pocket.
-
「on」 用于指平面表面或被视为平面的表面,常表示与表面接触。
- The book is on the table.
- He sat on the bench.
- Her picture is on the wall.
-
「at」 用于表示空间中的某个精确点,强调具体位置而不强调内部或表面。
- I will meet you at the bus stop.
- She is at the entrance.
- Let's meet at the restaurant.
「in」、「on」、「at」的细微差别
- 「at」 注重精确点,具体的位置(如 at school, at home)
- 「in」 指封闭空间或更广泛的区域(如 in the room, in the house)
- 「on」 强调表面接触或平面位置(如 on the table, on the floor)
特殊情况:in the car / on the bus / on the train
- 说**「in」表示汽车,因为空间更封闭、私密**。
- I’m in the car.
- 说**「on」表示公交、火车、飞机、船,因为可以在里面走动**,且有公共交通工具的概念。
- She is on the bus.
「above」 - 「over」
「above」 和 「over」都可以表示"在......之上",但:
- 「above」 通常用于没有直接接触或覆盖关系的物体之间。
- The painting hangs above the fireplace.
(无接触,仅在上方)
- The painting hangs above the fireplace.
- 「over」 可表示在......之上的动作或覆盖某物。
- He put a blanket over the baby.
(毯子盖住了婴儿)
- He put a blanket over the baby.
「below」 - 「under」 - 「beneath」
「below」、「under」 和 「beneath」 都表示**“在......之下”**,但:
- 「under」 最常用,表示某物位于另一物之下
- The cat is under the table.
- 「below」 主要用于有垂直距离或在文本、图表中表示较低的位置
- The temperature is below zero.
- 「beneath」 更文学化或正式,也可以表示比喻义(如 beneath one’s dignity)
- He hid the letter beneath his pillow.
「between」 - 「among」 - 「amid」
- 「between」 表示在两物之间。
- I’m standing between my two best friends.
- 「among」 表示在三物或以上的群体中,没有被物体完全包围的概念。
- She found a letter among the papers on her desk.
- 「amid」 表示被......所包围,常用于正式或文学语境。
- They stayed calm amid the chaos.
「across」 - 「through」 - 「along」
-
「across」 指横穿某物,从一边到另一边。
- They walked across the street.
-
「through」 强调在封闭空间或物体内的移动。
- We drove through the tunnel.
-
「along」 指沿着一条线或边界移动或定位。
- She walked along the river.
2. 时间介词
时间介词表示事件发生的时间、持续周期或频率。
介词 | 含义 | 例句 |
---|---|---|
in | 用于月份、年份、世纪、一天中的某个阶段 | We met in July. |
on | 用于星期几、具体日期和事件 | The meeting is on Monday. |
at | 用于具体时间和时刻 | I will see you at 5 PM. |
by | 截至某一具体时间点(截止时间) | Finish the report by Friday. |
before | 在某一时间之前 | I arrived before noon. |
after | 在某一时间之后 | Let's meet after lunch. |
until | 直到某一具体时刻 | She stayed until midnight. |
till | 直到某一时刻(更口语化) | I'll wait till you arrive. |
since | 从某一具体时间点开始 | I have lived here since 2010. |
for | 持续某一时长 | They traveled for two months. |
during | 在某一特定时期 | It rained during the night. |
within | 在某个时段之内 | The package will arrive within 24 hours. |
from | 某一时期的开始 | We worked from 9 AM to 5 PM. |
to | 某一时期的结束 | The shop is open from Monday to Friday. |
between | 两个时间点之间 | The event takes place between 3 PM and 5 PM. |
around | 大约在某一时间 | He arrived around noon. |
about | 大约在某一时间 | The class starts about 10 AM. |
past | 在某一具体时间之后 | It's past midnight. |
up to | 直到某一时间 | The offer is valid up to the end of the month. |
as of | 从某一时刻开始 | The policy applies as of next year. |
throughout | 在整个期间 | The song played throughout the concert. |
over | 在某一期间内 | He stayed over the weekend. |
ahead of | 在某一时刻之前(更正式) | We must plan ahead of the deadline. |
「in」 - 「on」 - 「at」
-
「in」 通常用于较长的时间段(月份、年份、季节、一天中的阶段)。
- in May, in 2025, in the morning
- He was born in 1990.
- It often rains in winter.
-
「on」 用于星期几和具体日期。
- on Monday, on December 5th
- My birthday is on July 10th.
- We will meet on Christmas Day.
-
「at」 表示具体时间点。
- at 5:00 PM, at sunrise, at midday
- Let’s meet at noon.
- We usually have dinner at 7 PM.
「in」、「on」和「at」的细微差别
- In the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening,但说 at night(习惯例外)。
- 英式英语为 at the weekend,美式英语为 on the weekend。
「by」 - 「before」 - 「until」 - 「from ... to」
-
「by」表示截止时间,最后期限。
- Finish this report by Friday.
(最迟星期五) - I’ll be there by 6 PM.
(在六点之前到达)
- Finish this report by Friday.
-
「before」表示某事发生在另一事件或时间之前。
- We must leave before sunset.
- Finish your homework before dinner.
-
「until」表示动作或状态持续到某一具体时刻。
- I stayed at the office until 7 PM.
- He waited till midnight.
(till 更口语化,相当于 until)
-
「from ... to」表示期间的开始和结束。
- I work from 9 AM to 5 PM.
- They were on vacation from Monday to Thursday.
「during」 - 「for」 - 「since」
-
「during」表示事件发生的时间段,不强调具体时长。
- He called me during the meeting.
- It rained during the night.
-
「for」表示某一持续时长。
- They studied for three hours.
- We lived in London for five years.
-
「since」表示过去某一时间点开始且持续至今的动作或状态。
- I have lived here since 2010.
- She has been waiting since this morning.
3. 方向/移动介词
这些介词描述移动的目的地或移动的方式。
介词 | 含义 | 例句 |
---|---|---|
across | 从一侧到另一侧 | He walked across the street. |
through | 穿过封闭空间 | The train passed through the tunnel. |
along | 沿着 | We walked along the beach. |
onto | 到达表面 | He jumped onto the table. |
into | 进入内部空间 | She went into the room. |
out of | 从...出来 | He got out of the car. |
from | 起点 | He came from London. |
towards | 朝向 | She ran towards the exit. |
to | 目的地 | We are going to Paris. |
off | 从表面脱离 | She fell off the chair. |
up | 向上 | He climbed up the ladder. |
down | 向下 | She walked down the stairs. |
beyond | 在...之外 | The town is beyond the hills. |
past | 路过 | She walked past the bank. |
around | 围绕、环绕 | They traveled around the world. |
「to」 - 「into」 - 「onto」
-
「to」表示方向或目的地。
- I’m going to the store.
- He walked to the bus stop.
-
「into」强调进入某地或物体内部。
- She poured the tea into the cup.
-
「onto」表示进入某一表面。
- He jumped onto the table.
「in」/「into」与「on」/「onto」的混淆
-
「in」(静态) vs. 「into」(动作,进入)。
- (静态位置):She is in the room.
- (进入动作):She walked into the room.
-
「on」(静态) vs. 「onto」(动作,上去)。
- (静态位置):He stands on the stage.
- (动作,上去):He jumps onto the stage.
in / to + country
- 通常用**「in」表示在某国/城**。
- He lives in Spain.
- 用**「to」表示前往某国/城**。
- He moved to Spain last year.
「around」 - 「about」
- 「around」或「about」可表示环绕运动或大致在某处。
- He wandered around the park.
- They walked about the city, exploring the streets. (更文学化或地区用法)
4. 其他常用介词及用法
介词 | 含义 | 例句 |
---|---|---|
with | 表示伴随、工具使用或方式 | She wrote with a pen. / I went to the party with my friends. |
without | 表示缺少某物 | He left without his phone. |
by | 表示动作施事者(被动)、交通方式或附近位置 | The book was written by Shakespeare. / We traveled by car. |
about | 表示话题或大约 | We talked about the new project. / There were about 50 people in the room. |
like | 表示比较 | She runs like a cheetah. |
as | 表示身份、角色或比较 | He works as a teacher. / Do it as I showed you. |
except | 排除某个元素 | Everyone came except John. |
apart from | 根据语境可表示“除了”或“加上” | Apart from English, he speaks Spanish. |
instead of | 表示替代 | Take tea instead of coffee. |
according to | 表示信息来源 | According to the news, it's going to rain. |
because of | 表示原因 | The flight was delayed because of the storm. |
due to | “because of”的更正式表达 | The delay was due to technical issues. |
owing to | 同样用来表示原因(更正式) | The match was canceled owing to heavy rain. |
thanks to | 表示积极原因 | We succeeded thanks to your help. |
in spite of | 表示对立 | He finished the race in spite of his injury. |
despite | “in spite of”的同义词 | She won despite the difficulties. |
instead | 表示替代(不带“of”) | I didn't take the bus. I walked instead. |
unlike | 表示不同 | \Unlike his brother, he loves sports.\ |
contrary to | 表示与信念或期待相反 | \Contrary to popular belief, bats are not blind.\ |
regarding | 引入话题 | I have a question regarding your proposal. |
concerning | “regarding”的同义词 | He called me concerning the contract. |
apart | 表示分离 | They live far apart from each other. |
toward(s) | 表示抽象方向或意图 | His attitude towards work has changed. |
beyond | 表示超出界限(比喻或空间) | This problem is beyond my understanding. |
against | 表示反对或身体接触 | They are against the new policy. / She leaned against the wall. |
per | 表示频率或比例 | He earns $20 per hour. |
via | 表示中间或途径 | We traveled to Italy via Paris. |
as for | 引入新的话题 | \As for the budget, we need to cut costs.\ |
as well as | 表示添加 | She speaks French as well as Spanish. |
rather than | 表示更喜欢 | I would stay home rather than go out. |
except for | 表示例外 | The report is complete except for a few details. |
「with」 - 「without」
-
「with」表示陪伴、工具使用或做事方式。
- I went to the party with my friends.
- She cut the bread with a knife.
-
「without」表示没有某人或某物。
- He left without saying goodbye.
- I can’t live without music.
「by」
「by」 根据语境有多种含义:
- 在被动语态中,**「by」**引入动作发出者。
- This book was written by J.K. Rowling.
- 「by」表示做事的方法或工具。
- We traveled by car / by train / by plane.
- 「by」表示位置(靠近、旁边)
- My house is by the river.
- 「by」可表示经过
- We walked by the park on our way home.
「about」
「about」可表示关于某事或大约。
- We talked about the new movie.
(谈话主题) - There were about fifty people at the party.
(大约人数)
「like」 - 「as」
「like」用于比较两物或两种情况。
- He runs like a cheetah.
「as」有多个含义,其中一种常见用法是“作为”。
- I work as a teacher.(作为教师)
「like」 和 「as」 的区别
「like」 和 **「as」**有时可以互换用来比较,但:
- **「as」**常引导一个子句(如 as if, as though)
- **「like」**常直接跟名词或代词。
「except」 - 「apart from」
**「except」**表示排除某元素。
- Everyone passed the exam except John.
「apart from」表示“除了/除了之外”,可排除或包含,视语境而定。
- Apart from Monday, I’m free all week.
(排除星期一) - Apart from that little issue, everything went fine.
(除了这个小问题,一切都很好)
5. 特殊情况与陷阱
「at night」 vs. 「in the night」
用**「at night」指夜晚(一天中的时间段)**。
- I usually sleep at night.
用**「in the night」指夜间发生的具体事件**。
- It started raining in the night.
(强调夜间某一时刻)
「different from」 - 「different to」 - 「different than」
「different from」最为常用,被认为是标准表达。
- His style is different from mine.
「different to」主要用于英式英语。
- This country is different to what I expected.
「different than」则更常用于美式英语。
- This result is different than I thought.
「home」通常无需介词
表示回家时,通常说 go home,不用介词。
✅ I’m going home.
❌ I’m going to home.
「ask for something」而非「ask something」
表达请求某物时,介词for是必需的。
- She asked for advice.
「look at」 - 「look for」 - 「look after」 - 「look into」
「look at」表示看某物。
- Look at that beautiful sunset.
「look for」表示寻找某物。
- I’m looking for my keys.
「look after」表示照顾、照料。
- She looks after her younger siblings.
「look into」表示调查、详细研究问题。
- We need to look into this matter.
「listen to」与「hear」
「listen to」等于“用心听”,表示专注于某个声音。
- I’m listening to music.
「hear」则是“听到”,指被动地听见,不强调专注。
- I can’t hear you properly.
「wait for」与「wait on」
「wait for someone/something」表示等待某人/某事。
- I’m waiting for the train.
「wait on someone」表示为某人服务,多用于餐饮领域,但不常用。
- He waited on tables during the summer.
(做服务员)
「agree with」 - 「agree on」 - 「agree to」
「agree with someone」表示同意某人或观点。
- I agree with you.
「agree on a topic」表示就某事达成一致。
- We agreed on the best course of action.
「agree to something」表示同意、允许某事。
- He agreed to help us.
「depend on」 vs. 「depend of」
英语中应说 depend on
✅ It depends on the weather.
❌ It depends of the weather.
「belong to」
表示归属时,用**「belong to」**。
- This book belongs to me.
「made of」 - 「made from」 - 「made out of」 - 「made with」 的用法
**「made of」**用于原材料未改变的情况(木头仍是木头)。
- This table is made of wood.
**「made from」**用于原材料改变不可识别的情况。
- Wine is made from grapes.
「made out of」强调由某物转变而成。
- This sculpture was made out of scrap metal.
「made with」用于强调主要成分或配料(常用于食品)。
- This cake is made with chocolate.
「to」的错误遗漏或添加
某些动词必须搭配介词to
- listen to, belong to, object to
有些动词则不能加to
- attack someone,不说attack to someone
英式英语与美式英语差异
- On the weekend(美式) vs. At the weekend(英式)
- Different than(美式) vs. Different from/to(英式)
结论
介词是TOEIC®考试中的重点之一。要提升分数,应:
- 掌握介词的主要用法(地点、时间、方向等),避免在理解或语法题中失分。
- 特别关注细微含义和习惯表达(如 look at,look for 等),这些常见于阅读和听力环节。
- 熟悉特殊用法及英美差异,TOEIC®经常涉及不同英语语体的文本和音频。
其他课程
以下是TOEIC®语法其他课程: