英语问题结构课程 - TOEIC®备考

在英语中,问题有着明确的结构。助动词的顺序与主语不同于肯定句。我们可以区分出几种不同类型的问题:
- Yes/No questions(封闭式问题)
- Wh- questions(开放式问题)
- Tag questions(反意疑问句)
- Indirect questions(间接疑问句)
在深入学习之前,要记住,分清楚以下两种问题非常重要:
- 期待"是"或“否”回答的问题(Yes/No)
- 期待具体信息的问题(Wh-)
1. 问题的一般结构
A. 助动词
大多数疑问句都包含一个助动词(do, does, did, have, will 等),它会放在句首,或者紧跟在疑问词之后。
- 助动词 “do”(一般现在时)或 “does”(一般现在时,第三人称单数)
- Do you like pizza?
(你喜欢披萨吗?) - Does she work here?
(她在这里工作吗?)
- Do you like pizza?
- 助动词 “did”(一般过去时)
- Did they watch the movie last night?
(他们昨晚看了那部电影吗?)
- Did they watch the movie last night?
- 助动词 “have/has”(在完成时态中使用)
- Have you finished your homework?
(你做完作业了吗?) - Has he ever been to London?
(他曾经去过伦敦吗?)
- Have you finished your homework?
- 助动词 “will”(一般将来时)
- Will you come to the party tomorrow?
(你明天会来参加聚会吗?)
- Will you come to the party tomorrow?
B. 疑问词
疑问词(Wh- words)用于提出具体的问题,以获取关于地点、时间、原因或方式等特定信息。
以下是主要的疑问词:
Wh- word | 含义 | 例句 |
---|---|---|
What | 什么,什么样,哪一个 | What do you want for dinner?(晚餐你想吃什么?) |
What time | 几点 | What time does the meeting start?(会议几点开始?) |
What... like | 怎么样(用于描述人、物或经历) | What is your new teacher like?(你的新老师怎么样?) |
When | 什么时候 | When does the train leave?(火车什么时候开?) |
Where | 哪里 | Where can I find a good restaurant?(哪里有好餐厅?) |
Why | 为什么 | Why are you late?(你为什么迟到?) |
Who | 谁(可以做主语或宾语) | Who is calling me?(谁在给我打电话?)Who do you want to speak to?(你想和谁说话?) |
Whom(较少用) | 谁(作为动词或介词的宾语,更正式或古老的用法) | To whom did you give the book?(你把书给了谁?) |
Whose | 谁的(表示所属) | Whose bag is this?(这是谁的包?) |
Which | 哪一个,哪一些(在多个选项中选择) | Which color do you prefer?(你更喜欢哪种颜色?) |
How | 怎么/如何(也参与“How many”等其他形式) | How are you?(你好吗?)How did you do that?(你是怎么做到的?) |
How much | 多少(不可数数量) | How much water do we need?(我们需要多少水?) |
How many | 多少(可数数量) | How many books do you have?(你有多少本书?) |
How long | 多久/多长 | How long does the journey take?(旅程需要多久?)How long is this rope?(这根绳子有多长?) |
How often | 多久一次/频率 | How often do you go to the gym?(你多久去一次健身房?) |
How far | 多远,到什么距离 | How far is the station?(车站有多远?) |
How old | 多大岁数 | How old is your sister?(你妹妹几岁?) |
How about | ...怎么样/要不要...(提议或建议) | How about going to the beach?(去海滩怎么样?) |
How come(非正式) | 为什么(更口语化的表达) | How come you didn't call me?(你为什么没打电话?) |
- Who 比 whom 更常用,whom 较为正式或文学化。
- How 可以与许多词结合,细化问题的类型(时间长度、距离、数量、频率、年龄等)。
2. Yes/No questions(封闭式问题)
封闭式问题以助动词开头,后接主语和主要动词。只有一种例外情况,就是当动词 "be" 作为主要动词时:
- Are you busy right now? Yes, I am.
- Do they play tennis on weekends? Yes, they do.
- Did she enjoy the concert? Yes, she did.
- Have you seen my keys? Yes, I have.
- Will we travel together next month? Yes, we will.
这些问题被称为**“封闭式问题”,因为它们只允许有限的几种回答**:通常为**“是”或“否”**。与开放式问题不同,开放式问题可以有多种答案,封闭式问题限制了回答的可能性。
“be”动词的特殊情况
当**"be"** 是句子的主要动词时,不用 do/does/did 等助动词:
- Are they friends? (主语“they”,动词“are”)
- Was he at home yesterday? (主语“he”,动词“was”)
3. Wh- questions(开放式问题)
开放式问题的结构与 Yes/No questions 类似,但开头为疑问词(Wh-)。
- What did you eat for breakfast?
- When will you arrive?
- Where are they meeting us?
- Why did he leave so early?
Who, What 和 Which 作为主语或宾语?
疑问词 who、what 和 which 可以在问题中作为主语或宾语。句子的结构会根据它们的作用而变化。
当疑问词是主语时
此时,疑问词直接替代执行动作的人或事物。句子采用普通陈述句结构,不用 do/does/did 助动词。
- Who called you yesterday?
(昨天谁给你打了电话?) - What happened yesterday?
(昨天发生了什么?) - Which car won the race?
(哪辆车赢得了比赛?)
可以发现这些句子中没有助动词“did”,因为疑问词直接代表动作的主语。
判断疑问词是否为主语(而不是宾语)的方式是用 he/she/it 替换疑问词:
- Who called you? → He called you. ✅(who = 主语)
- What made that noise? → It made that noise. ✅(what = 主语)
当疑问词是宾语时
此时,疑问词指代被动作影响的人或事物。需要添加助动词(do/does/did)来保持主语 + 动词 + 补充成分的顺序。
- Who do you love?
(你爱谁?) - What do you want?
(你想要什么?) - Which book did she choose?
(她选了哪本书?)
4. Tag questions(反意疑问句)
Tag questions(反意疑问句)用于确认信息或请求对方同意。这些短小的问题放在句末。
它们的目的是获取确认或同意(Yes, I am. / No, I'm not. 等)。
- He’s coming tonight, isn’t he?
- They didn’t leave early, did they?
- She can drive, can’t she?
- We have finished, haven’t we?
构造反意疑问句时,将助动词或“be”动词与主语倒装。如果主句为肯定句,反意疑问句用否定;主句为否定句,反意疑问句用肯定。
- 肯定句,反意疑问句否定
- You are a student, aren’t you?
- 否定句,反意疑问句肯定
- You aren’t a student, are you?
5. Indirect questions(间接疑问句)
间接疑问句在日常对话中很常见,用于使问题更委婉或更有礼貌。它们通常出现在如 Could you tell me...、Do you know...、I wonder...、I'd like to know... 等表达之后。
与直接疑问句不同,间接疑问句不用助动词与主语倒装,并且在间接部分不用问号。疑问词(Wh-)仍然保留,但句子的结构与陈述句一样。
- 直接疑问句:Where is the bathroom?
间接疑问句:Could you tell me where the bathroom is? - 直接疑问句:When does the show start?
间接疑问句:Do you know when the show starts? - 直接疑问句:Why did they leave so early?
间接疑问句:I wonder why they left so early.
在间接疑问句中,动词遵循陈述句的语序。比如在 Could you tell me where the bathroom is?,可以看到**“is”紧跟在“bathroom”之后**(主语 + 动词)。
结论
本章对于 TOEIC® 非常重要,因为它帮助你在 Listening Part 2 和 Reading Part 5 & 6 部分正确理解和回答Wh-问题。此外,还能在 Reading Part 7 部分高效分析句子结构,快速找到关键信息。