Kursus tentang Ucapan Langsung dan Tidak Langsung dalam Bahasa Inggeris - Persediaan TOEIC®
Ucapan langsung dan ucapan tidak langsung (dalam Bahasa Inggeris, reported speech) ialah dua cara melaporkan kata-kata seseorang.
- Ucapan langsung bermaksud mengulangi secara tepat apa yang telah dikatakan oleh seseorang, biasanya menggunakan tanda petikan.
- Ucapan tidak langsung bermaksud melaporkan maksud apa yang telah dikatakan tanpa semestinya menggunakan kata-kata yang sama.
Kursus ini bertujuan untuk menerangkan dua cara penyampaian ini dalam Bahasa Inggeris, mengilustrasikan perbezaannya dan mempersembahkan peraturan asas untuk menukar ucapan langsung kepada ucapan tidak langsung.
Ucapan langsung (Direct Speech)
Ucapan langsung dalam Bahasa Inggeris bermaksud melaporkan kata-kata seseorang secara tepat. Ia biasanya dikenali melalui penggunaan tanda petikan.
- John berkata, "I'm going to the store."
- Dia bertanya, “Are you coming with me?”
Ciri-ciri ucapan langsung
- Penggunaan tanda petikan : Ucapan langsung diletakkan di antara tanda petikan dalam Bahasa Inggeris : “...”
- Penggunaan tanda baca : Tanda-tanda baca (titik, koma, tanda soal, dll.) biasanya diletakkan di dalam tanda petikan.
- Susunan subjek-kata kerja boleh dibalik jika ia adalah soalan : “Are you coming with me?”
- Kata kerja tenses : Tenses dalam ucapan langsung kekal sebagaimana yang diucapkan oleh penutur.
Ucapan tidak langsung (Indirect Speech atau Reported Speech)
Ucapan tidak langsung (atau ucapan yang dilaporkan) digunakan untuk menyampaikan kata-kata seseorang tanpa memetiknya secara tekstual. Ciri utama bentuk ucapan ini ialah tiada tanda petikan, dan ia biasanya memerlukan penyesuaian pada kata ganti nama, kata kerja tenses, dan frasa masa atau tempat.
- Ucapan langsung : Mary said, “I love reading books.”
- Ucapan tidak langsung : Mary said that she loved reading books.
Secara amnya, ucapan tidak langsung membolehkan anda:
- Merumuskan atau menyampaikan intipati mesej.
- Mengelakkan pengulangan kata-kata secara tekstual.
- Menggabungkan secara semula jadi kata-kata ke dalam naratif.
Kita akan lihat dalam bahagian seterusnya bagaimana untuk menukar ayat ucapan langsung kepada ucapan tidak langsung.
Menukar ucapan langsung kepada ucapan tidak langsung
Untuk menukar ucapan langsung kepada ucapan tidak langsung dalam Bahasa Inggeris, biasanya kita perlu mengubah:
- Kata kerja pengenalan (contohnya said, told, asked, dsb.).
- Kata ganti nama diri (I, you, we...) supaya sesuai dengan sudut pandang yang baru.
- Kata kerja tense (disebut backshift, iaitu menukar satu tense ke belakang).
- Frasa masa dan tempat (now, today, tomorrow...).
Langkah 1: Perubahan kata ganti nama diri
Kata ganti nama diri perlu disesuaikan mengikut orang yang melaporkan kata-kata tersebut:
| Ucapan langsung | Ucapan tidak langsung | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| "I" | he / she (mengikut siapa yang dirujuk) | I am hungry. → He said he was hungry. |
| "we" | they | We need more time. → They said they needed more time. |
| "you" | I / we (atau he/she/they, bergantung pada konteks dan penutur) | You should come with me. → She told me I should come with her. (atau) He told us we should go with him. |
Langkah 2: Perubahan kata kerja tense
Dalam Bahasa Inggeris, apabila melaporkan kata-kata yang asalnya dalam present tense, ia biasanya ditukar kepada past tense, terutamanya apabila kata kerja pengenalan berada dalam past tense (said, told...). Berikut ialah jadual transformasi tense, juga dikenali sebagai backshift dalam Bahasa Inggeris:
| Ucapan langsung (tense) | Ucapan tidak langsung (tense) | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Present simple | Past simple - prétérit | I play football. → He said he played football. |
| Present continuous | Past continuous | I am playing football. → He said he was playing football. |
| Present perfect | Past perfect | I have played football. → He said he had played football. |
| Past simple - prétérit | Past perfect | I played football. → He said he had played football. |
| Past continuous | Past perfect continuous | I was playing football. → He said he had been playing football. |
| Future dengan will | Conditional dengan would | I will play football tomorrow. → He said he would play football the next day. |
| Modal: can / could | Modal: could | I can play football. → He said he could play football. |
| Modal: may / might | Modal: might | I may play football. → He said he might play football. |
| Modal: must | Modal: had to | I must play football. → He said he must play football. |
Pengecualian dan kes khas
- Jika situasi yang dilaporkan masih benar (kebenaran umum atau keadaan yang masih berlaku semasa bercakap), anda boleh kekalkan present tense.
- Langsung : The teacher said, "The earth revolves around the sun."
- Tidak langsung : The teacher said (that) the earth revolves around the sun.
- Jika kata kerja pengenalan dalam present tense (she says, he tells us), tense kekal sama.
- Langsung : "I have a new car."
- Tidak langsung : She says she has a new car.
- Modal could, might, should, would dan ought to tidak berubah dalam ucapan tidak langsung.
- Langsung : "I could play better."
- Tidak langsung : He said he could play better.
Langkah 3: Perubahan adverb masa dan tempat
Semasa menukar kepada ucapan tidak langsung, anda biasanya perlu menyesuaikan adverb dan frasa masa atau tempat:
| Ucapan langsung | Ucapan tidak langsung | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| now | then, at that time | I am studying now. → He said he was studying then. |
| today | that day | I have an exam today. → She said she had an exam that day. |
| yesterday | the day before, the previous day | I saw him yesterday. → He said he had seen him the day before. |
| tomorrow | the next day, the following day | I will call you tomorrow. → She said she would call me the next day. |
| last week/month/year | the previous week/month/year | I went to Paris last year. → He said he had gone to Paris the previous year. |
| next week/month/year | the following week/month/year | We will start the project next week. → They said they would start the project the following week. |
| here | there | I am staying here. → She said she was staying there. |
| this | that | I like this book. → He said he liked that book. |
| these | those | I bought these shoes. → She said she had bought those shoes. |
| ago | before | I met her two years ago. → He said he had met her two years before. |
Kata kerja pengenalan (reporting verbs)
Secara amnya, untuk membentuk ucapan tidak langsung atau langsung, kita gunakan kata kerja pengenalan “say”.
Namun, terdapat juga kata kerja lain yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah. Kami turut menambah cara untuk membina ayat, kerana sesetengah kata kerja diikuti oleh infinitif, yang lain oleh gerund...
| Kata kerja pengenalan | Struktur yang diikuti | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| to tell | objek langsung + infinitif | She told me to finish my homework. |
| to ask | objek langsung + infinitif | He asked her to help him. |
| to advise | objek langsung + infinitif | The doctor advised me to rest for a few days. |
| to warn | objek langsung + infinitif | She warned us not to go into the forest. |
| to suggest | gerund (-ing form) | He suggested going to the park. |
| to explain | "that" + klausa | She explained that she couldn’t attend the meeting. |
| to say | "that" + klausa | He said that he would arrive late. |
| to recommend | gerund (-ing form) | They recommended taking the earlier train. |
| to insist | gerund (-ing form) atau "that" | She insisted on coming with us.She insisted that we leave immediately. |
| to agree | infinitif | He agreed to help me with my project. |
| to promise | infinitif | She promised to call me later. |
| to refuse | infinitif | He refused to apologize for his mistake. |
| to apologize | preposisi + gerund (for + -ing) | He apologized for being late. |
| to admit | gerund (-ing form) atau "that" | She admitted cheating in the exam.She admitted that she had made a mistake. |
| to deny | gerund (-ing form) atau "that" | He denied stealing the money.He denied that he had stolen the money. |
| to encourage | objek langsung + infinitif | They encouraged me to apply for the position. |
| to forbid | objek langsung + infinitif | The teacher forbade us to use our phones during the exam. |
Perbezaan antara say dan tell
Terdapat perbezaan penting yang perlu diketahui antara dua kata kerja pengenalan ini:
- say biasanya diikuti secara langsung oleh ucapan yang dilaporkan atau "that".
- She said (that) she was tired.
- tell sentiasa diikuti oleh objek langsung (me, you, him, her...) sebelum "that".
- She told me (that) she was tired.
Soalan dalam ucapan tidak langsung
Soalan Yes/No
Untuk menukar soalan tertutup kepada ucapan tidak langsung, kita gunakan "if" atau "whether".
- He asked, "Do you like coffee?" → He asked if I liked coffee.
Dalam kes ini, susunan subjek-kata kerja tidak lagi dibalik (tiada lagi Do you).
Soalan Wh-
Untuk melaporkan soalan yang bermula dengan who, what, when, where, why, how, dsb., kita mengekalkan kata soal, tetapi mengembalikan susunan subjek-kata kerja yang normal.
- Why was he late? → She asked me why he was late.
(”was" dan "he" kembali kepada susunan normal dalam bentuk tidak langsung.) - She asked, "Where are you going?" → She asked where I was going.
Imperatif dalam ucapan tidak langsung
Untuk melaporkan arahan, permintaan atau nasihat, kita biasanya gunakan to + infinitif atau ungkapan seperti "told someone to do something" atau "asked someone to do something".
-
Dengan “told someone to do something”:
- Open the door! → He told me to open the door.
-
Dengan “asked someone to do something”:
- Please, sit down. → She asked me to sit down.
Kesimpulan
Ucapan langsung dan tidak langsung ialah dua kaedah asas untuk melaporkan kata-kata dalam Bahasa Inggeris. Ucapan langsung, yang mudah dikenali dengan tanda petikan, mengulang kata-kata asal dengan tepat. Ucapan tidak langsung pula, memerlukan penyesuaian pada kata ganti nama, kata kerja tense, dan adverb untuk menyampaikan mesej dengan betul.
Struktur dan perbezaan ini kerap diuji dalam TOEIC®, terutamanya dalam bahagian tatabahasa dan pemahaman bertulis.