Kors fuq il-quantifiers bl-Ingliż - Preparazzjoni għall-TOEIC®

Il-quantifiers huma kliem jew espressjonijiet li jindikaw kwantità (kbira, żgħira, indefinita, preċiża, eċċ.) quddiem nomen. Huma essenzjali bl-Ingliż għax jgħinuk tippreċiża informazzjoni jew tevita ripetizzjonijiet. Dan il-kors huwa exhaustif: se nsiru nafu l-quantifiers prinċipali kollha, l-ispazifikazzjonijiet tagħhom u l-eċċezzjonijiet.

1. Noti preliminari: Nouns denombrabbli u indenombrabbli

Qabel ma nidħlu fid-dettall tal-quantifiers, huwa kruċjali li niftakru d-differenza bejn:

• Nouns denombrabbli (countable nouns): jistgħu jiġu mgħoddija bħala unitajiet distinti (eż. book, apple, table).
  • I have two books (denombrabbli).
• Nouns indenombrabbli (uncountable nouns): ma jistgħux jiġu mgħoddija wieħed wieħed (eż. water, information, advice).
  • I need some water (indenombrabbli).

Xi quantifiers jintużaw biss ma' nouns denombrabbli, oħrajn biss ma' nouns indenombrabbli, u oħrajn jistgħu jintużaw maż-żewġ tipi.

Għal aktar tagħrif, tista' taqra l-kors tagħna fuq nouns denombrabbli u indenombrabbli.

2. Il-quantifiers bażiċi

A. Some

« Some » jintuża ġeneralment f'sentenzi affermattivi ma' nouns denombrabbli plurali jew nouns indenombrabbli biex jindika kwantità indefinita, imma mhux żero.

• I have some friends in London.
  (Numru ta' ħbieb mhux speċifikat, imma aktar minn wieħed)
• We bought some fruits at the market.

Tista' tuża « some » f'mistoqsijiet meta tipproponi xi ħaġa jew tistenna tweġiba pożittiva.

• Would you like some coffee?
  (Proposta kortesi, wieħed jistenna iva)

B. Any

« Any » jintuża ġeneralment f'sentenzi interrogattivi u negattivi. Jista' jidher ukoll f'sentenzi affermattivi bi tifsira ta' « kwalunkwe ».

• F'sentenzi negattivi, any jimplika « xejn » (żero kwantità).
  • I don't have any money.
    (zero)
• F'sentenzi interrogattivi, jindika « xi kwantità ».
  • Do you have any questions?
    (xi mistoqsijiet, mhux magħruf kemm)
• F'sentenzi affermattivi bit-tifsira ta' « kwalunkwe », spiss jintuża ma' « can » jew « could » (You can choose any book.).
  • You can pick any movie you like.
    (kwalunkwe wieħed)

C. No

« No » jesprimi assenza totali ma' nouns denombrabbli u indenombrabbli. Jista' jissostitwixxi not ... any f'sentenzi negattivi.

• I have no time to waste.
  (M'għandi l-ebda ħin x'narmi)
• There are no cookies left.
  (Ma fadalx cookies)

D. None

« None » jintuża waħdu (huwa pronomen quantifier) jew segwit minn of + grupp nominali/pronomen biex tfisser « l-ebda wieħed », « xejn ».

• How many cookies are left? - None.
  

« None » jista' jiġi segwit minn of + pronomen (them, us, you)

• None of them wanted to come.
  

« None » jista' jiġi segwit minn of + artiklu definit (the, my, these...)

• None of the students passed the test.
  

3. Quantifiers ta' kwantità kbira

A. A lot of / Lots of

« A lot of / Lots of » jintużaw f'reġistru pjuttost informali biex ifissru « ħafna ». Jintużaw kemm ma' nouns denombrabbli kif ukoll indenombrabbli. « A lot of » u « Lots of » huma kważi interkambjabbli, b'« Lots of » kemmxejn aktar informali.

• I have a lot of books to read.
  (denombrabbli)
• There is lots of water in the fridge.
  (indenombrabbli)

B. Much

« Much » jintuża prinċipalment ma' nouns indenombrabbli biex jesprimi kwantità kbira. Ġeneralment jintuża f'sentenzi negattivi u interrogattivi aktar milli f'sentenzi affermattivi (fejn nippreferu \a lot of\).

• I don’t have much time.
  (negattiva)
• Do we have much information about this issue?
  (interrogattiva)

F'reġistru formali jew meta jintuża ma' avverbi, tista' ssib much f'sentenzi affermattivi (Much progress has been made.).

• Much effort was required to complete the project.
  (Affermattiva, stil formali)

C. Many

« Many » jintuża ma' nouns denombrabbli plurali biex ifisser « ħafna ». Bħal « much », « many » jidher aktar f'mistoqsijiet jew negattivi fl-ilsien ta' kuljum, jew f'kuntesti aktar formali ma' sentenzi affermattivi.

• I don’t have many friends here.
• Are there many options available?
• Many people believe this to be true.
  (Formali)

D. Plenty of

« Plenty of » tfisser « aktar minn biżżejjed », « abbundanza », kemm ma' nouns denombrabbli kif ukoll indenombrabbli. « Plenty of » għandha konnotazzjoni pożittiva, u tenfasizza li hemm aktar minn biżżejjed.

• We have plenty of chairs for everyone.
• There is plenty of food left for dinner.

4. Quantifiers ta' kwantità żgħira

A. Few / A few

• « few » tfisser kwantità żgħira ħafna, kważi mhux biżżejjed, u tintuża ma' nouns denombrabbli plurali.

• I have few friends in this town.
  (Il-persuna tenfasizza li kważi m'għandhiex ħbieb, mhux biżżejjed)

• « a few », min-naħa l-oħra, tfisser kwantità żgħira, imma biżżejjed, aċċettabbli jew apprezzabbli.

  • I have a few friends in this town.
    (Il-persuna għandha xi ftit, huwa pożittiv u biżżejjed)

B. Little / A little

• « little » tfisser « ftit ħafna » għal nouns indenombrabbli. Għandha konnotazzjoni mhux biżżejjed jew negattiva.
  • We have little time left.
    (Kważi xejn ħin)
• « a little » tfisser « ftit ». Għandha konnotazzjoni aktar pożittiva u biżżejjed.
  • We have a little time left, so we can talk.
    (Ftit ħin, biżżejjed)

C. Enough

« Enough » jippermetti li tesprimi kwantità biżżejjed, la wisq la ftit. Tista' tużaha ma' nouns denombrabbli kif ukoll indenombrabbli. Il-pożizzjoni tista' tvarja:

• Quddiem nomen → Enough money, enough chairs
  • We have enough chairs for everyone.
    (Denombrabbli)
  • There isn’t enough food for all the guests.
    (Indenombrabbli)
• Wara aggettiv/avverb → Strong enough, fast enough
  • She is not strong enough to lift the box.
    (Wara aggettiv)
  • You didn’t run fast enough to win the race.
    (Wara avverb)
• Ma' verb
  • Do we have enough?

5. Quantifiers ta' proporzjon jew totalità

A. All

« All » tfisser « kollox », « il-kwantità kollha ». Tista' titpoġġa quddiem nomen, pronomen, jew wara verb (skont l-istruttura). L-istruttura komuni hi All (of) + determinatur + nomen (All the students, All my money) jew All of them/us/you.

• All the students passed the exam.
• I need all the information you have.
• We spent all our money.
• All of them agreed with the proposal.

B. Most

« Most » tfisser « il-maġġoranza ta' », « ħafna mill- » u spiss tintuża ma' of, jew f'istrutturi bħal Most (of) the... jew Most people... (mingħajr of jekk il-nomen mhux definit).

• Most people like chocolate.
  (Nomen indefinit)
• Most of the people at the meeting disagreed.
  (Nomen definit « the people »)

C. Half

« Half » tfisser « nofs ». Tista' tintuża ma' of jew mingħajr, u ssibha spiss f'istrutturi bħal "Half (of) + nomen/determinatur", jew kultant biss ma' artiklu “a half”.

• Half the cake was gone.
• Half of my friends couldn’t attend the party.
• They drank half a bottle of wine.

D. Whole

« Whole » jippermetti li titkellem dwar l-intier ta' oġġett jew kunċett, spiss ma' determinatur (the, my, this...). Tintuża biss ma' nouns denombrabbli singulari (the whole book, my whole life). Il-pożizzjoni tista' tvarja:

• Bejn determinatur u nomen → The whole city, My whole career
  • I read the whole book in one day.
  • She spent her whole life in New York.
• Bħala pronomen ma' « of » → Whole of the country (użu aktar formali).
  • The whole of the team supports this decision.
• Ma tintużax ma' nouns indenombrabbli mingħajr determinatur (✗ Whole water, imma ✓ The whole glass of water).

X'differenza hemm bejn « whole » u « all »?

• All jintuża ma' nouns plurali u indenombrabbli (All the books, All the information).
  • I read all the books in the series.
    (Il-kotba kollha)
• Whole jintuża ma' nouns singulari (The whole book).
  • I read the whole book yesterday.
    (Ktieb sħiħ)

6. Quantifiers distributivi: Each, Every, Either, Neither

A. Each

« Each » jintuża biex titkellem fuq kull element f'ġabra, iżda wieħed wieħed. Spiss segwit minn:

• Jew nomen denombrabbli singulari
  • Each student has a unique ID.
• Jew of + determinatur/pronomen
  • Each of my friends is invited.
    (Wara \each of\, il-verb jkun singulari)
• Jew verb fit-3 persuna singulari (għax each + nomen singulari).
  • Each student receives a personal laptop.

B. Every

« Every » huwa simili għal « each », iżda « every » iqis il-grupp kollu u jsaħħaħ l-idea ta' globalità. Tintuża biss ma' nouns denombrabbli singulari.

• Every child needs love.
• Every house on this street looks the same.

Differenza bejn « every » u « each »:

• « every » jinkludi l-grupp kollu mingħajr enfasi fuq l-individwu.
• « each » jsaħħaħ l-enfasi fuq kull element separat.

C. Either

« Either » tfisser « wieħed jew l-ieħor » (bejn tnejn), ġeneralment tintuża ma' nouns singulari (għax tfisser « wieħed jew l-ieħor »). Tista' tintuża b'żewġ modi:

• Either + nomen singulari
  • You can choose either option.
    (wieħed mill-għażliet)
• Either of + determinatur + nomen/plurali/pronomen (hawnhekk il-verb jista' jkun singulari jew plurali, iżda singulari huwa aktar tradizzjonali).
  • Either of these two dresses is fine.
    (Il-verb ħafna drabi singulari)

D. Neither

« Neither » tfisser « l-ebda wieħed », tista' tintuża b'żewġ modi:

• Neither + nomen singulari
  • Neither option is acceptable.
• Neither of + determinatur + nomen
  • Neither of them wants to go.

7. Quantifiers għal “diversi”, “differenti”

A. Several

« Several » tfisser « diversi » (aktar minn tnejn jew tlieta). Tintuża ma' nouns denombrabbli plurali.

• I have several ideas to improve the project.
• They visited several countries last year.

B. Various

« Various » tfisser « diversi u differenti ». Tintuża bħala Various + nomen plurali (għax tindika varjetà).

• She has various interests, including music and painting.
• We considered various solutions to the problem.

8. Quantifiers numerali

Wieħed, tnejn, tlieta...: Kultant jitqiesu bħala quantifiers għax jindikaw kwantità. Kultant jintużaw f'strutturi aktar elaborati bħal dozens of, hundreds of, thousands of (biex tesprimi kwantitajiet kbar)

• I have three siblings.
• He wants to buy two new chairs.

9. Kummparazzjoni ta’ kwantitajiet: fewer/less, more

A. More

« More » jintuża biex tikkumpara żewġ kwantitajiet jew tesprimi “aktar”. Jista' jintuża ma' nouns denombrabbli kif ukoll indenombrabbli.

• We need more chairs for the conference.
• I need more time to finish.

B. Fewer / Less

« Fewer » u « less » jintużaw biex ifissru « inqas », iżda hemm differenza bejniethom:

• Fewer jintuża ma' nouns denombrabbli (plurali).
• Less jintuża ma' nouns indenombrabbli.

Madankollu, fl-oral, mhux rari li tisma' less minflok fewer ma' nouns denombrabbli, iżda f'kuntest formali huwa inqas korrett.

• We have fewer students this year.
  (Denombrabbli plurali)
• We have less money than expected.
  (Indenombrabbli)

10. Quantifiers ma' pronomen

Spiss insibu quantifiers kombinati ma' pronomens personali jew dimostrattivi, bl-istruttura:

• Quantifier + of + pronomen
  • All of them / Most of them / Some of them / Both of them
  • Many of us / A few of us / Several of us
• Quantifier + of + determinatur + nomen
  • Each of the students / Some of the students / All of the students

11. Espressjonijiet oħra ta' kwantità

A. A great deal of / A large amount of

« A great deal of » u « A large amount of » jintużaw biex jesprimu kwantità kbira ma' nouns indenombrabbli, f'reġistru formali.

• We spent a great deal of time on this project.
• They wasted a large amount of money.

B. A (great) number of

« A great number of » jintuża biex jesprimi « numru kbir ta' » ma' nouns denombrabbli, f'reġistru pjuttost formali.

• A number of students are absent today.
• A great number of people attended the concert.
  (Aktar qawwi)

C. A couple of

« A couple of » tfisser « ftit », spiss tinftiehem bħala « tnejn jew tlieta » (kwantità żgħira).

• We stayed there for a couple of days.
• I need a couple of volunteers.

D. Dozens of / Hundreds of / Thousands of

« Dozens of », « hundreds of » u « thousands of » jindikaw kwantità kbira approssimattiva.

• He received dozens of emails this morning.
• She has hundreds of books in her library.
• They donated thousands of dollars to charity.

E. The majority of / The minority of

« The majority of » / « The minority of » jintużaw f'reġistru formali biex ifissru « il-maġġoranza ta' / il-minoranza ta' ».

• The majority of citizens voted for him.
• The minority of members disagreed.

12. Fokus fuq il-forma tal-verb wara xi quantifiers

• Wara « each » - « every » - « either » - « neither », il-verb huwa spiss singulari.
  • Each student has a book.
  • Every day brings new opportunities.
  • Neither answer is correct.
  • Either option is acceptable.
• Il-quantifiers « all » - « most » - « some » - « a lot of » - « plenty of » - « none » huma:
  • Segwiti minn nomen denombrabbli plurali → il-verb huwa plurali
    • All the students are here
  • Segwiti minn nomen indenombrabbli singulari → il-verb huwa singulari
    • Most of the water is contaminated
  • Segwiti minn pronomen → jekk il-pronomen jirreferi għal plural, verb plurali
    • All of them want to come

13. Partikolaritajiet u sfumaturi importanti

1. Some vs Any f’sentenzi affermattivi
   • Some jintuża bit-tifsira ta' « xi kwantità », « xi ftit ».
   • Any bit-tifsira ta' « kwalunkwe ».
2. Użu ta' Doppja Negazzjoni
   • Bl-Ingliż standard, tevita li tgħid « I don’t have no money ». Huwa aħjar:
     • I don’t have any money.
     • I have no money.
3. None + verb
   • None jista' jiġi segwit minn verb singulari jew plurali. Ir-regola aktar tradizzjonali tippreferi s-singulari, speċjalment jekk none ifisser « l-ebda wieħed ». Imma t-tħaddim komuni jaċċetta wkoll il-plurali, speċjalment jekk none jifhem « mhux bosta ».
   • None of the students has arrived yet.
     (Użu tradizzjonali)
   • None of the students have arrived yet.
     (Użu komuni aċċettat)
4. Fewer vs Less
   • Fewer għal denombrabbli (plurali), less għal indenombrabbli.
   • Fl-oral, ħafna nies iħawdu. Madankollu, għal testi formali, aħjar tosserva r-regola.
5. Each / Every
   • Every qatt ma jintuża qabel of ma' nomen (kuntrarjament għal each of).
   • “Every of my friends” ma teżistix → jgħidu Every one of my friends jew Each of my friends.
6. Most / Most of
   • Most people believe...
     (nomen mingħajr determinatur)
   • Most of the people I know...
     (bi determinatur)
7. Il-kunsens tal-verb ma' espressjonijiet bħal a lot of, plenty of... jiddependi fuq in-nomen li jsegwi:
   • A lot of books are on the shelf.
   • A lot of sugar is needed.

Konklużjoni

Il-quantifiers bl-Ingliż jippermettu li tesprimi firxa sħiħa ta' kwantitajiet, mill-assenza totali sa l-abbundanza, inkluż nuanzi finissimi (kważi xejn, ftit, xi ftit, il-maġġoranza, eċċ.). Jivvarjaw skont jekk in-nomen hu denombrabbli jew indenombrabbli, skont ir-reġistru (formali jew informali), u skont l-isfumatura li wieħed irid iwassal.

Il-mistoqsijiet ta' reading comprehension fit-TOEIC® ħafna drabi jitħaddmu fuq il-kapaċità li tagħżel il-quantifier korrett f'sentenzi b'lakuni, fejn id-differenza bejn few / a few, little / a little, u much / many hija essenzjali. Fil-parti Listening, tifhem is-sfumaturi tal-quantifiers jgħinek taqbad nuanzi importanti f'konversazzjonijiet professjonali, avviżi jew emails.

Hawn tabella li tiġbor fil-qosor il-quantifiers kollha li rajna:

Korsijiet oħra

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