英语量词课程 - TOEIC®考试准备

量词是用于在名词前面表示数量(多、少、不确定、具体等)的词或短语。它们在英语中非常重要,能够让信息更加具体或避免重复。本课程内容全面:我们将详细讲解所有主要量词,它们的特点以及例外情况。
1. 基础概念:可数名词与不可数名词
在深入量词前,必须首先了解:
- 可数名词(countable nouns):可以被计数,有独立的单元(如 book, apple, table)。
- I have two books (可数)。
- 不可数名词(uncountable nouns):不能逐个计数(如 water, information, advice)。
- I need some water (不可数)。
有些量词只用于可数名词,有些只用于不可数名词,还有一些可以用于二者皆可。
想了解更多,请阅读我们的可数名词与不可数名词课程。
2. 基础量词
A. Some
"Some" 通常用于肯定句,搭配可数名词复数或不可数名词,表示一种不确定但不为零的数量。
- I have some friends in London。
(朋友数量不明确,但肯定不止一个) - We bought some fruits at the market。
当提出建议或预期肯定答复时,也可以在疑问句中使用“some”。
- Would you like some coffee?
(礼貌地提出请求,预期对方会同意)
B. Any
“Any” 通常用于疑问句和否定句,在肯定句中也可表示**“任何一个”**的意思。
- 在否定句中,any 表示**“没有”**(数量为零)。
- I don't have any money。
(零)
- I don't have any money。
- 在疑问句中,表示**“某种数量”**。
- Do you have any questions?
(可能有一些问题,数量未知)
- Do you have any questions?
- 在肯定句中带“任何一个”的意思,常与 “can” 或 “could” 搭配(You can choose any book.)。
- You can pick any movie you like。
(任何一部)
- You can pick any movie you like。
C. No
“No” 表示完全没有,可用于可数名词和不可数名词。在否定句中可替代not ... any。
- I have no time to waste。
(我没有时间可以浪费) - There are no cookies left。
(已经没有饼干了)
D. None
“None” 通常单独使用(是量词代词),或与 of + 名词/代词搭配,表示**“一个也没有”,“没有任何”**。
- How many cookies are left? - None。
“None” 可与 of + 代词 (them, us, you) 搭配
- None of them wanted to come。
“None” 还可以与 of + 定冠词 (the, my, these...) 搭配
- None of the students passed the test。
3. 大量的量词
A. A lot of / Lots of
“A lot of / Lots of” 用于较口语化场合,表示**“许多”。两者都可用于可数名词和不可数名词**。“Lots of” 比 “A lot of” 更口语化,二者几乎可以互换。
- I have a lot of books to read。
(可数) - There is lots of water in the fridge。
(不可数)
B. Much
“Much” 主要用于不可数名词,表示大量。多见于否定句和疑问句,在肯定句中通常用 \a lot of\ 代替。
- I don’t have much time。
(否定) - Do we have much information about this issue?
(疑问)
在正式语境或有副词修饰时,可在肯定句中见到 much(Much progress has been made.)。
- Much effort was required to complete the project。
(肯定句,正式风格)
C. Many
“Many” 用于可数名词复数,表示许多。常见于疑问句和否定句,在正式语境下也可以在肯定句中使用。
- I don’t have many friends here。
- Are there many options available?
- Many people believe this to be true。
(正式)
D. Plenty of
“Plenty of” 表示**“充足”,“非常多”,既可以搭配可数名词也可以搭配不可数名词**,且带有积极肯定的语气,强调绝对够用。
- We have plenty of chairs for everyone。
- There is plenty of food left for dinner。
4. 少量的量词
A. Few / A few
-
“few” 表示非常少,几乎不够,用于可数名词复数。
-
I have few friends in this town。
(说话者强调朋友很少,几乎没有,数量不够) -
“a few” 表示少量但够用,足够或令人满意。
- I have a few friends in this town。
(说话者有几个朋友,是积极或足够的)
- I have a few friends in this town。
B. Little / A little
- “little” 表示**“很少”,用于不可数名词**,常带有不足或负面的语气。
- We have little time left。
(几乎没有时间)
- We have little time left。
- “a little” 表示**“有一点”,语气更积极且足够**。
- We have a little time left, so we can talk。
(有点时间,足够用)
- We have a little time left, so we can talk。
C. Enough
“enough” 表示足够的数量,即不多也不少。可以与可数名词或不可数名词搭配,位置多变:
- 名词前 → Enough money, enough chairs
- We have enough chairs for everyone。
(可数) - There isn’t enough food for all the guests。
(不可数)
- We have enough chairs for everyone。
- 形容词/副词后 → Strong enough, fast enough
- She is not strong enough to lift the box。
(形容词后) - You didn’t run fast enough to win the race。
(副词后)
- She is not strong enough to lift the box。
- 与动词搭配
- Do we have enough?
5. 表示比例或全部的量词
A. All
“All” 表示**“全部”,“所有”**。可放在名词、代词前或动词后,常用结构:All (of) + 限定词 + 名词(All the students, All my money)或 All of them/us/you。
- All the students passed the exam。
- I need all the information you have。
- We spent all our money。
- All of them agreed with the proposal。
B. Most
“Most” 表示**“大多数”,“多数”**,常与 of 搭配,结构如 Most (of) the... 或 Most people...(若名词为不定名词则不用 of)。
- Most people like chocolate。
(不定名词) - Most of the people at the meeting disagreed。
(定名词 “the people”)
C. Half
“Half” 表示**“一半”**,可与 of 搭配或单独使用,常见结构“Half (of) + 名词/限定词”,有时也用“a half”。
- Half the cake was gone。
- Half of my friends couldn’t attend the party。
- They drank half a bottle of wine。
D. Whole
“Whole” 用于表达某个对象或概念的整体,常与限定词(the, my, this...)连用。仅用于可数名词单数(the whole book, my whole life),位置灵活:
- 限定词和名词之间 → The whole city, My whole career
- I read the whole book in one day。
- She spent her whole life in New York。
- 有时与“of”搭配作代词 → Whole of the country(更正式用法)。
- The whole of the team supports this decision。
- 不可与不可数名词无限定词连用(✗ Whole water,但可用 ✓ The whole glass of water)。
“whole” 与 “all” 的区别?
- All 用于可数名词复数和不可数名词(All the books, All the information)。
- I read all the books in the series。
(所有书)
- I read all the books in the series。
- Whole 用于可数名词单数(The whole book)。
- I read the whole book yesterday。
(一本完整的书)
- I read the whole book yesterday。
6. 分配性量词: Each, Every, Either, Neither
A. Each
“Each” 用于强调集合中的每一个个体,通常搭配:
- 可数名词单数
- Each student has a unique ID。
- of + 限定词/代词
- Each of my friends is invited。
(“each of”后动词用单数)
- Each of my friends is invited。
- 动词用第三人称单数(因 each + 单数名词)。
- Each student receives a personal laptop。
B. Every
“Every” 与**“each”类似,但“every”强调整体性,侧重于总体**。仅用于可数名词单数。
- Every child needs love。
- Every house on this street looks the same。
“every” 与 “each” 区别:
- “every” 强调总体而不突出个体。
- “each” 强调每一个独立元素。
C. Either
“Either” 表示**“任一”(在两者之间),通常用于单数名词**(即“两者中的任一”),用法有:
- Either + 单数名词
- You can choose either option。
(任选其一)
- You can choose either option。
- Either of + 限定词 + 名词/复数/代词(此时动词可用单数或复数,单数更传统)。
- Either of these two dresses is fine。
(动词常用单数)
- Either of these two dresses is fine。
D. Neither
“Neither” 表示**“两者都不”**,用法如下:
- Neither + 单数名词
- Neither option is acceptable。
- Neither of + 限定词 + 名词
- Neither of them wants to go。
7. 表示“几个”、“不同的”量词
A. Several
“Several” 表示**“几个”(通常多于两三个),用于可数名词复数**。
- I have several ideas to improve the project。
- They visited several countries last year。
B. Various
“Various” 表示**“多个且各不相同”**,结构为 Various + 名词复数(强调数量和多样性)。
- She has various interests, including music and painting。
- We considered various solutions to the problem。
8. 数字量词
一、二、三......:这些有时也被视为量词,因其表示数量。还可用于更复杂的结构,如 dozens of,hundreds of,thousands of(表示大量)。
- I have three siblings。
- He wants to buy two new chairs。
9. 数量比较:fewer/less, more
A. More
“More” 用于比较数量,表示“更多”。可与可数名词或不可数名词搭配。
- We need more chairs for the conference。
- I need more time to finish。
B. Fewer / Less
“Fewer” 和 “Less” 都表示**“更少”**,但用法有区别:
- Fewer 用于可数名词复数。
- Less 用于不可数名词。
但在口语中,常用 less 代替 fewer(即使搭配可数名词),但正式语境下需要遵守规则。
- We have fewer students this year。
(可数复数) - We have less money than expected。
(不可数)
10. 量词与代词组合
量词常与人称代词或指示代词搭配结构:
- 量词 + of + 代词
- All of them / Most of them / Some of them / Both of them
- Many of us / A few of us / Several of us
- 量词 + of + 限定词 + 名词
- Each of the students / Some of the students / All of the students
11. 其他量词表达方式
A. A great deal of / A large amount of
“A great deal of” 与 “A large amount of” 用于表示大量不可数名词,语境较正式。
- We spent a great deal of time on this project。
- They wasted a large amount of money。
B. A (great) number of
“A great number of” 表示**“大量可数名词”,较正式**。
- A number of students are absent today。
- A great number of people attended the concert。
(更强调数量大)
C. A couple of
“A couple of” 表示**“几个”,通常理解为两三个**(少量)。
- We stayed there for a couple of days。
- I need a couple of volunteers。
D. Dozens of / Hundreds of / Thousands of
“Dozens of”、“hundreds of” 和 “thousands of” 表示大致数量(大量)。
- He received dozens of emails this morning。
- She has hundreds of books in her library。
- They donated thousands of dollars to charity。
E. The majority of / The minority of
“The majority of” / “The minority of” 用于正式语境,表示**“大多数/少数”**。
- The majority of citizens voted for him。
- The minority of members disagreed。
12. 某些量词后的动词形式
- 在 “each” - “every” - “either” - “neither” 后,动词通常用单数。
- Each student has a book。
- Every day brings new opportunities。
- Neither answer is correct。
- Either option is acceptable。
- 量词 “all” - “most” - “some” - “a lot of” - “plenty of” - “none”:
- 后接可数名词复数 → 动词用复数
- All the students are here
- 后接不可数名词单数 → 动词用单数
- Most of the water is contaminated
- 后接代词 → 若代词指复数,动词用复数
- All of them want to come
- 后接可数名词复数 → 动词用复数
13. 重要细节与注意事项
- 肯定句中 Some vs Any
- Some 表示**“某些”,“一些”**。
- Any 表示**“任何一个”**。
- 双重否定的表达
- 英语标准表达避免“I don’t have no money”。更规范的说法:
- I don’t have any money。
- I have no money。
- 英语标准表达避免“I don’t have no money”。更规范的说法:
- None + 动词
- None 后可接单数或复数动词。传统规则偏向单数(表示“一个都没有”),但实际使用中,若“none”指复数对象,也可用复数。
- None of the students has arrived yet。
(传统表达) - None of the students have arrived yet。
(通用表达)
- Fewer vs Less
- Fewer 用于可数名词复数,less 用于不可数名词。
- 口语中常混用,但正式书面语建议遵守规范。
- Each / Every
- Every 不能与名词前加 of(与 each of 不同)。
- “Every of my friends” 不成立 → 应说 Every one of my friends 或 Each of my friends。
- Most / Most of
- Most people believe...
(名词无限定词时) - Most of the people I know...
(有限定词时)
- Most people believe...
- 如 a lot of, plenty of... 的动词一致取决于后面的名词:
- A lot of books are on the shelf。
- A lot of sugar is needed。
结论
英语量词可以表达从完全没有到极度丰富的各种数量,以及极其细微的差别(几乎没有、有一点、一些、绝大多数等)。它们的选择依赖于名词是可数还是不可数,语体是正式还是口语,以及具体想表达的数量或语气。
在TOEIC®的阅读理解题中,经常会考查如何在填空句中选用合适的量词,例如区分 few / a few、little / a little、以及 much / many 等。在听力部分,准确理解量词,则有助于捕捉职场对话、通知或邮件中的重要信息和语气细节。
以下是本课程涉及量词的汇总表格:
量词 | 名词类型 | 用法说明 | 例句 |
---|---|---|---|
Some | 可数名词复数、不可数名词 | 不定肯定数量 | I have some money. |
Any | 可数名词复数、不可数名词 | 疑问句和否定句中的不定数量 | Do you have any questions? |
No | 可数名词复数、不可数名词 | 完全没有 | I have no time. |
None | 可数名词复数、不可数名词 | 完全没有,单独或与 of 搭配 | None of them came. |
A lot of / Lots of | 可数名词复数、不可数名词 | 很多,偏口语 | There are a lot of books. |
Much | 不可数名词 | 很多(正式语境),多见于否定或疑问句 | I don’t have much time. |
Many | 可数名词复数 | 很多,多用于疑问或否定句 | Are there many students? |
Plenty of | 可数名词复数、不可数名词 | 很充足,完全够用 | We have plenty of chairs. |
Few | 可数名词复数 | 很少,不够 | I have few friends (几乎没有)。 |
A few | 可数名词复数 | 少量,但够用 | I have a few friends (有几个)。 |
Little | 不可数名词 | 很少,不够 | We have little time (几乎没有)。 |
A little | 不可数名词 | 一点,够用 | We have a little time (有一点)。 |
Enough | 可数名词复数、不可数名词 | 足够的数量 | We have enough chairs. / She isn’t strong enough. |
All | 可数名词复数、不可数名词 | 全部,总体 | All the students passed. |
Whole | 可数名词单数 | 某一对象或概念的整体 | I read the whole book. / My whole life has changed. |
Most | 可数名词复数、不可数名词 | 大多数,常与 of 搭配 | Most of the people like it. |
Half | 可数名词复数、不可数名词 | 一半,常与 of 搭配 | Half of the class is absent. |
Each | 可数名词单数 | 分别、逐个 | Each student has a book. |
Every | 可数名词单数 | 整体中的所有个体 | Every child needs love. |
Either | 可数名词单数 | 两者中的任一 | Either option is fine. |
Neither | 可数名词单数 | 两者都不是 | Neither answer is correct. |
Several | 可数名词复数 | 若干,但不是很多 | Several options are available. |
Various | 可数名词复数 | 若干且各不相同 | Various solutions exist. |
More | 可数名词复数、不可数名词 | 比较级,更多 | We need more chairs. |
Fewer | 可数名词复数 | 比较级,较少(可数名词) | Fewer people came this year. |
Less | 不可数名词 | 比较级,较少(不可数名词) | There is less sugar in this recipe. |
A number of | 可数名词复数 | 大量(正式) | A number of students passed. |
A great deal of | 不可数名词 | 大量(正式) | A great deal of effort was required. |
A large amount of | 不可数名词 | 大量(正式) | A large amount of money was spent. |
A couple of | 可数名词复数 | 少量,约2至3个 | I need a couple of volunteers. |
Dozens of | 可数名词复数 | 大致大量 | Dozens of birds flew by. |
Hundreds of | 可数名词复数 | 大致大量 | Hundreds of people attended. |
Thousands of | 可数名词复数 | 大致大量 | Thousands of tourists visit yearly. |
The majority of | 可数名词复数 | 一群体中的大多数 | The majority of voters supported it. |
The minority of | 可数名词复数 | 一群体中的少数 | The minority of members disagreed. |
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