TOEIC®备考：可数名词与不可数名词课程
在英语中，名词根据是否可以被计数分为两大类：可数名词和不可数名词。
这种区分非常重要，因为它影响限定词、数量词的使用以及句子的结构。
1. 可数名词
可数名词指的是那些可以独立计数的具体个体。下面是英语中可数名词的特点：
- 可以用数字计数：one apple, two chairs, three books。
- 有单数和复数形式。
- 单数时可以在前面加上不定冠词 (a / an)。
- 可以用数量词如_many_、a few、_several_来表达数量。
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| chair (椅子) | chairs (椅子) |
| apple (苹果) | apples (苹果) |
| car (汽车) | cars (汽车) |
| student (学生) | students (学生) |
- I have a book. - I have three books
(我有一本书。- 我有三本书。) - She bought three apples.
(她买了三个苹果。) - There are many students in the classroom.
(教室里有很多学生。)
2. 不可数名词
不可数名词指的是物质、概念或抽象元素，它们无法单独计数。下面是英语中不可数名词的特点：
- 不能直接计数
- 不能说 "two waters" 或 "three informations"
- 没有复数形式（词尾不会加-s）
- 前面不能加不定冠词 (a / an)。
- 通常搭配数量词如 some, much, a lot of, a little 使用。
- 可以通过计量单位来使其变为可数（如 a glass of water, a piece of advice）。
| 类别 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 液体 | water (水), milk (牛奶), juice (果汁) |
| 物质与材料 | salt (盐), sugar (糖), wood (木头) |
| 抽象概念 | happiness (幸福), love (爱), freedom (自由) |
| 语言 | English (英语), French (法语) |
| 信息与交流 | news (新闻), information (信息), advice (建议) |
| 自然现象与元素 | weather (天气), rain (雨), wind (风) |
| 休闲与活动 | music (音乐), art (艺术), work (工作) |
| 疾病 | flu (流感), cancer (癌症), asthma (哮喘) |
| 游戏与运动 | chess (国际象棋), tennis (网球), football (足球) |
| 情感与情绪 | anger (愤怒), fear (恐惧), hope (希望) |
| 衡量与数量 | money (钱), time (时间), progress (进步) |
| 家具与集合物品 | furniture (家具), luggage (行李), equipment (设备) |
- She gave me some advice.
(她给了我一些建议。) - There is too much sugar in this coffee.
(这杯咖啡里糖太多了。) - I need more information about the project.
(我需要更多关于这个项目的信息。)
以下是不少考生在TOEIC®中常见的不可数名词列表：
| 不可数名词 | 不可数名词 | 不可数名词 | 不可数名词 | 不可数名词 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Art | Assistance | Baggage | Beer | Behavior |
| Behaviour | Bread | Business | Camping | Cash |
| Chaos | Cheese | Chess | Clothing | Coffee |
| Conduct | Courage | Crockery | Cutlery | Damage |
| Dancing | Dirt | Dust | Electricity | Employment |
| Equipment | Evidence | Feedback | First Aid | Flour |
| Food | Fruit | Fun | Furniture | Hardware |
| Harm | Health | Homework | Housing | Imagination |
| Information | Insurance | Jewellery | Jewelry | Knowledge |
| Leisure | Litter | Luck | Luggage | Machinery |
| Milk | Money | Mud | Music | News |
| Nonsense | Paper | Parking | Pasta | Pay |
| Permission | Photography | Poetry | Pollution | Produce |
| Progress | Proof | Publicity | Research | Rice |
| Room | Rubbish | Safety | Salt | Scenery |
| Shopping | Sightseeing | Software | Space | Sugar |
| Sunshine | Tea | Time | Traffic | Transport |
| Transportation | Travel | Trouble | Underwear | Unemployment |
| Violence | Water | Weather | Work |
3. 如何将不可数名词变为可数名词？
有些不可数名词可以通过引入计量单位或容器，变为可数名词。
| 不可数名词 | 可数形式 |
|---|---|
| water (水) | a glass of water (一杯水) |
| bread (面包) | a loaf of bread (一条面包) |
| advice (建议) | a piece of advice (一条建议) |
| news (新闻) | a piece of news (一则新闻) |
- Can I have a cup of coffee?
(我可以要一杯咖啡吗？) - She bought two bottles of milk.
(她买了两瓶牛奶。) - I heard an interesting piece of news today.
(我今天听到了一条有趣的新闻。)
还可以通过合成名词的方式，将不可数名词变为可数名词，即添加量词或类别词。
- furniture (家具，不可数) → a piece of furniture (一件家具)
- equipment (设备，不可数) → a piece of equipment (一台设备)
- work (工作，不可数) → a work of art (一件艺术品)
4. 如何判断名词是可数还是不可数？
没有绝对规则，但可以参考以下方法：
- 如果表示一个可以独立计数的具体物体，通常是可数名词。
- apple, book, student
- 如果表示物质、抽象概念或信息，通常是不可数名词。
- happiness, water, news
- 某些名词根据语境，可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词。
- I'd like some chicken.（不可数，指鸡肉。）
- There is a chicken in the yard.（可数，指一只鸡。）
- I love coffee.（不可数，泛指。）
- Can I have a coffee, please?（可数，一杯咖啡。）
5. 可数名词与不可数名词的细微差别
虽然可数名词和不可数名词的区别很清楚，但在英语中仍有一些细微差别。下面是主要的几点：
A. 某些名词可以同时是可数和不可数
| 名词 | 可数（具体物体） | 不可数（材料/概念） |
|---|---|---|
| Coffee | Two coffees, please. (两杯咖啡) | I love coffee. (我喜欢咖啡。) |
| Hair | I found a hair in my soup! (一根头发) | She has long hair. (她的头发很长。) |
| Paper | I need a paper to write on. (一份报纸/文件) | She bought some paper. (她买了些纸。) |
| Chicken | There are three chickens in the garden. (三只鸡) | I’d like some chicken. (想吃鸡肉。) |
| Glass | I broke two glasses. (两个玻璃杯) | This table is made of glass. (这张桌子是玻璃做的。) |
| Room | There are three rooms in my house. (三间房间) | There isn’t much room here. (这里空间不大。) |
| Iron | He lifted an iron. (一个熨斗) | This bridge is made of iron. (这座桥是铁做的。) |
| Light | There are three lights in the ceiling. (三盏灯) | I need more light to read. (读书时需要更多光线。) |
| Experience | She had many exciting experiences during her trip. (很多经历) | Experience is important in this job. (经验很重要。) |
| Water | Can I have two waters? (两瓶/两杯水) | Water is essential for life. (水对生命至关重要。) |
| Business | He owns two businesses. (两家公司) | She works in business. (她从事商业工作。) |
| Noise | I heard a strange noise outside. (一个奇怪的声音) | There is too much noise in this city. (城市里太吵了。) |
B. "Much" vs. "Many"
- "Many" 用于可数名词。
- There are many books in the library.
(图书馆里有很多书。)
- There are many books in the library.
- "Much" 用于不可数名词。
- There isn’t much sugar left.
(糖剩得不多了。)
- There isn’t much sugar left.
常见错误
There are much students（错误，"students" 是可数名词。）
C. "Number" vs. "Amount"
- "Number" 用于可数名词。
- A large number of students attended the lecture.
(很多学生参加了讲座。)
- A large number of students attended the lecture.
- "Amount" 用于不可数名词。
- A small amount of water is enough.
(少量水就足够了。)
- A small amount of water is enough.
常见错误
A large amount of students.（错误，"students" 是可数名词。）
D. "Fewer" vs. "Less"
- "Fewer" 用于可数名词。
- Fewer people attended the meeting.
(参加会议的人更少了。)
- Fewer people attended the meeting.
- "Less" 用于不可数名词。
- I drink less coffee now.
(我现在喝的咖啡更少了。)
- I drink less coffee now.
常见错误
Less people came to the party（错误，"people" 是可数名词。）
E. "Some" vs. "Any"
- "Some" 用于肯定句。
- I have some friends in London.
(我在伦敦有一些朋友。)
- I have some friends in London.
- "Any" 用于否定和疑问句。
- Do you have any water?
(你有水吗？) - I don’t have any money.
(我没有钱。)
- Do you have any water?
常见错误
I have any apples.（错误，"any" 不能用于肯定句。）
F. "A lot of" / "Lots of" / "Plenty of"
- "A lot of" / "Lots of" 可以用于可数名词和不可数名词。
- There are a lot of books. (可数名词)
- There is a lot of water. (不可数名词)
- "Plenty of" 表示**"足够多"，也可以用于两种名词类型**。
- We have plenty of chairs.
(我们的椅子足够多了。) - There is plenty of time.
(时间很充裕。)
- We have plenty of chairs.
6. 可数名词与不可数名词常见错误
- ❌ 说 "an information" 或 "two advices"
✅ 应为 Some information / Two pieces of advice - ❌ 用 "many" 搭配不可数名词
✅ 应用 much 替换（There is much water in the bottle.） - ❌ 把不可数名词变为复数
✅ 应以计量单位替换（如_two cups of tea_而不是_two teas_）。
其他课程
以下是TOEIC®的其他语法课程：