英语义务情态动词课程 - TOEIC®备考

无论是表达个人义务、规则规定的义务还是环境造成的义务,情态动词在日常交流、职场沟通及学术写作中都扮演着至关重要的角色。本课程将详细讲解主要的情态动词 must、have to 和 shall,以及替代表达如 need to 和 be supposed to,帮助你根据不同语境选择最合适的表达。
1. "Must"表示义务
A. “Must” 何时使用?
Must 是表达义务最常用的情态动词。它通常用于表达:
- 强烈的个人义务:说话人认为这绝对有必要。
- You must stop smoking for your health.
(说话人强烈强调戒烟的必要性。)
- You must stop smoking for your health.
- 来自自身的义务,不是因规则或他人要求。
- I must finish this report before tomorrow.
(说话人认为(从自己的角度)明天之前完成报告是不可或缺的。)
- I must finish this report before tomorrow.
B. “Must not” 用于表达禁止
Must 的否定形式是 “must not”(或“mustn't”),表示禁止或必须不做某事。
- You mustn’t open this door under any circumstances.
(你绝对不能打开这扇门,这是被禁止的。) - He mustn’t disclose that information.
(他被明令禁止泄露此信息。)
想了解更多,请阅读我们的 情态动词 - 表达禁止 课程
C. “Must” 在正式语境下的疑问句
虽然较少见,但在正式或书面语中可以用“must”构成疑问句:
- Must I really attend the entire conference?
(我真的必须参加整个会议吗?)
2. “Have to”表示义务
A. “Have to”和“has to” 何时使用?
“Have to”(第三人称单数用“has to”)可用于表达:
- 外部强加的义务,比如规则或情形迫使我们做某事。
- I have to renew my passport soon.
(由法律或行政部门强制,而非说话人自己决定。)
- I have to renew my passport soon.
- 一般或事实性的必要性。
- She has to call her boss before 6 p.m.
(出于工作要求的义务,并非个人选择。)
- She has to call her boss before 6 p.m.
B. “Must” 还是 “have to”?
根据意义区分
“Must” 和 “have to” 在中文都译为“必须”,但含义有差别。主要区别如下:
- “Must” 表达说话人自身产生的义务(是个人选择或看法)
- “Have to” 表达外部强加的义务(如法律、规则或情境)
根据时态区分
与只能用于现在时的 “must” 不同,“have to” 可以用于所有时态。
时态 | have to 形式 | 用“I”造句的例子 |
---|---|---|
过去式 | had to | I had to wake up early yesterday. She had to finish her homework last night. |
现在式 | have to / has to | I have to leave now; I'm running late. She has to attend the meeting at 10 AM. |
将来式 | will have to | I will have to prepare for the exam tomorrow. She will have to submit the application next week. |
现在完成时 | have had to / has had to | I have had to change my plans because of the rain. She has had to work overtime to meet the deadline. |
条件式 | would have to | I would have to leave early if the train is late. She would have to cancel her trip if it rains. |
过去条件式 | would have had to | I would have had to take a taxi if the bus hadn't arrived. She would have had to study harder to pass the exam. |
C. “don’t have to” 表示无需做某事(无义务)
“Don’t have to” 用于表达没有义务,而不是禁止。
- You do not have to come if you’re busy.
(你没必要来,这不是禁止,只是没有义务。) - He doesn’t have to work on weekends.
(他没有义务在周末工作。)
想了解更多,请阅读我们的 情态动词 - 表达无义务 课程
3. Shall 表示严格义务
在官方文件、合同、法律或规章制度中,shall 常用来表示严格的义务。此时,它的语气和 must 相似。
- The tenant shall pay the rent on the first day of each month.
(法律或合同义务。) - Employees shall comply with the company’s code of conduct.
(由规章制度强制要求的正式义务。)
在正式或古老用法中,shall 也可表示义务,但在现代英语中通常用 must 或 have to 替代。
- You shall not pass.
(非常严格的义务或禁止(古典或者庄严的风格)) - Each participant shall bring their own equipment.
(所有参与者都必须带上自己的装备(正式语体))
4. 纯情态动词“need”何时用?
“Need” 作为纯情态动词用法较少,主要出现在正式语体的否定或疑问句中。一般情况下,更常用半情态动词 “need to”。
- Need I really apologize?
(正式而略显过时,现在更常说“Do I really need to apologize?”) - You needn’t worry.
(正式语气,现在更常说“You don’t need to worry.”)
5. 半情态动词“need to”表示义务
A. 半情态动词“need to”何时用?
“Need to” 用于表示做某事的必要性或需要。它与 “have to” 意义接近,但通常更具有个人色彩。
它强调由于情境或逻辑需要而必须做某事,而不是因为规定或法律。
- I need to buy groceries; the fridge is empty.
(由于冰箱空了,情境决定了这种必要性。) - She needs to prepare for her exam tomorrow.
(因为明天要考试,这种必要性被考试要求决定。)
B. “don’t need to” 表示无义务
可以用 “do not need to”(或“don’t need to”)表达无义务或无必要。
- You don’t need to hurry; we have plenty of time.
(你不需要着急,我们时间充裕。) - He doesn’t need to attend the meeting if he’s busy.
(如果他有事,不需要参加会议。)
想了解更多,请阅读我们的 情态动词 - 表达无义务 课程
6. “Should” / “ought to” 表达义务
A. “Should”和“ought to”何时用?
“Should” 和 “ought to” 用于表达:
- 建议或推荐
- 有时也用来表达较轻的义务或强烈建议
这两个半情态动词意义极为接近,区别主要在于 “ought to” 比 “should” 更正式。
- You should see a doctor if the symptoms persist.
(建议/较轻的健康义务。) - They ought to be more careful with their spending.
(强烈建议,接近道德义务。)
B. “Should not” 和 “ought not to” 建议避免做某事
这两个半情态动词也可用于表达建议不要做某事。
简言之,这两种表达都用于建议避免某个行为。
与肯定形式一样,ought not to 和 shouldn’t 意思接近,但 ought not to 很少见,常被认为是较为古老或过于正式的说法,现代英语中用得不多。
- You shouldn’t eat so much sugar.
(建议:不要吃太多糖。) - We shouldn’t ignore the warning signs.
(强烈建议:不能忽略警告信号。) - You ought not to be so rude to your parents.
(正式建议:不要对父母那么粗鲁。)
C. “Should” / “ought to” 还是 “must” / “have to”?
一般而言,should 用于建议,must 或 have to 用于强制义务。简要总结:
- Should / ought to:用于表达较轻义务或建议。它们是促进行为但不具强制性的表达。
- You should drink more water to stay healthy.
- Must / have to:用于表示强烈义务或严格必要性,多由法律、规则或紧急情境决定。
- You must wear a seatbelt while driving.
7. “be supposed to” 表达较轻义务
短语 “be supposed to” 常用于表示在某情境下被期望做某事,其语气没有 “must” 或 “have to” 那么强烈。
- We are supposed to hand in the report by Friday.
(我们被期望在周五前交报告。) - He is not supposed to park here.
(他不应该在这里停车,这是被禁止或违反规定的。)
8. “be to” 表达正式、官方义务
短语 “be to” 用于极为正式的语体或官方公告,表达义务或官方计划。
- The President is to visit the factory next Monday.
(总统(官方)定于下周一视察工厂。) - All students are to attend the ceremony.
(所有学生必须参加典礼(正式规定)。)
9. 总结
在TOEIC®考试当天,掌握这些义务情态动词及相关表达非常重要,因为它们会出现在阅读、听力材料中--你需要理解语境--也会直接出现在填空题中。
表示义务情态动词总结表
情态动词/结构 | 义务来源 | 义务强度 | 例句 |
---|---|---|---|
Must | 内部(说话人、道德权威) | 强(主观) | I must finish this task now. |
Shall | 法律权威、指令或正式承诺 | 强(正式或法律) | 法律指令:All employees shall comply with the company’s code of conduct. 正式承诺:You shall receive the package within 3 days. |
Have to | 外部(法律、规则、环境) | 强(客观) | 法律:I have to pay my taxes by April 15th. 规则:You have to wear a helmet when riding a bike. 情境:I have to take an umbrella; it’s raining heavily. |
Need to | 内部或外部(需要) | 强(必要性) | 内部:I need to sleep early tonight; I’m exhausted. 外部:You need to submit the form before the deadline. |
Should / Ought to | 内部(建议、推荐) | 中(建议、道德) | 建议:You should visit the doctor if you feel unwell. 建议:We ought to save more money for emergencies. |
Be supposed to | 社会规范或期望 | 中等(期望) | 规范:Students are supposed to be quiet in the library. 社会期望:You are supposed to RSVP for the wedding invitation. |
Be to | 正式、官方场合 | 强(官方语境) | The Prime Minister is to address the nation tomorrow evening. The students are to meet their teacher at the museum at 10 a.m. |
表示义务情态动词的要点总结
以下是表示义务情态动词的要点总结:
- Must vs. Have to:
- Must:强烈的主观义务,来自说话人(或内部权威)。
- Have to:强烈的义务,但由规则或外部环境决定。
- Shall 用于正式、法律或官方指令。在日常英语中,不常见,通常被 must 替代。
- Must 的否定形式(mustn’t)表示**“禁止”,而 “have to” 的否定(don’t have to / doesn’t have to)表示“没必要......”**。
- Need to 接近 “have to”,但更强调个人或实际需要。
- Should / Ought to:建议或较轻的义务,语气比 “must” 或 “have to” 弱。
- Be supposed to:表示按规则或惯例应做某事,语气不如“must”或“have to”严格。
- Be to:用于正式语境,多见于官方或法律场合,用于表达计划或义务。
其他情态动词课程
想了解更多情态动词知识,可以查阅我们的以下课程: