英语关系代词课程 - TOEIC®备考

关系代词用于连接两个句子成分，从而构成更丰富、更精确的句子。它们可以避免重复词语并引入所谓的关系从句。在中文中，类似的关系代词有"的"、“而”、“其”等。

一个关系从句是句子的一部分，用于补充说明某个名词。它不能独立存在，必须依附于主句。

• The boy who is wearing a red shirt is my brother.
  • “the boy”是主句
  • “Who is wearing a red shirt”是关系从句，补充说明“the boy”。

在英语中，最常用的关系代词有：

• Who / Whom
• Which
• That
• Whose

有时还会把Where、When和Why归为这一类，因为它们同样有连接句子成分的作用。

1. 限定性与非限定性关系从句

在英语里，关系从句的位置和标点非常重要。主要分为：

• 限定性关系从句
• 非限定性关系从句

A. 限定性关系从句

限定性关系从句提供了必要的信息。如果缺少这一部分，句子的意义就会丧失或变得模糊。

例如：

• The book that I borrowed is fascinating.

这里，“that I borrowed”是必须的，用来说明是哪个书。如果只说 The book is fascinating，就不知道具体指哪本书。限定性关系从句的一个特点是不用逗号分隔，因为它是句子的必要组成部分。

同理，在下面句子中：

• The man who lives next door is a doctor.

“who lives next door”使我们明确知道指的是哪个男人。如果去掉这部分，The man is a doctor 就太笼统了。

B. 非限定性关系从句

非限定性关系从句提供了附加信息，这些信息不是理解句子主旨所必需的，只是补充说明。因此，这类从句总是用逗号与主句隔开。

例如：

• This book, which I borrowed last week, is fascinating.

“which I borrowed last week”只是补充说明，即使去掉这部分，This book is fascinating 句子仍然成立。逗号则表明该信息是次要的。

同样，在下面的句子中：

• My neighbor, who is a doctor, helped me yesterday.

我们已经知道“my neighbor”指的是谁，“是医生”只是补充说明。就算去掉这部分，句子仍然有意义。

2. 主要关系代词：Who, Which, That, Whose

A. Who（和 Whom）

Who通常用于指代人（包括单数和复数）。

• The man who lives next door is a doctor.
  (住在隔壁的那个人是医生。)
• She's the teacher who helped me improve my pronunciation.
  (她是帮助我提高发音的老师。)

B. Whom

和who一样，whom也用于指人，但用法更加正式和少见。通常出现在介词后或正式语境中。

• The person whom I met yesterday was very kind.
  (我昨天遇到的人非常友好。)
• He is the colleague with whom I worked on the project.
  (他是我一起做项目的同事。)
• The teacher whom I respect the most is Mr. Green.
  (我最尊敬的老师是 Mr. Green。)

如今，很多英语母语者会用who替代whom，尤其在口语中。但在正式书面语中，whom仍被认为是更规范的形式。

C. Which

Which通常用于指代物品、动物或概念。它引入的关系从句对非人物的元素进行补充说明。

• The book which I borrowed from you is fascinating.
  (我从你那里借来的书很精彩。)
• This is the car which won the race.
  (这就是比赛获胜的那辆车。)
• He showed me the painting which he had bought at the auction.
  (他给我看了他在拍卖会上买的画。)

D. That

That是一个关系代词，可以替代who（指人）或which（指物/动物）。在限定性关系从句中常常更受欢迎。

• The woman that called me yesterday is my aunt.
  (昨天给我打电话的女士是我姨妈。)
• The movie that I watched last night was really good.
  (我昨晚看的电影非常好。)
• I really love the music that you played at the party.
  (我很喜欢你在派对上播放的音乐。)

有时，关系代词that（或who/which）可以省略，这称为关系代词省略。

• The book I read was interesting.
  (相比于 The book that I read was interesting.)

That 还是 which？

在英语中，选择that还是which通常取决于关系从句类型。

• That多用于限定性关系从句
  • The car that I bought is red → 该信息用于确定是哪辆车
• Which多用于非限定性关系从句
  • My car, which is red, needs washing → 颜色只是补充信息

在 everything, anything, nothing, all 后必须用 that

这些词后面必须使用关系代词that，不能省略，也不能用which或who替代。

• Everything that you said was true.
  (你说的一切都是真的。)
• There's nothing that we can do about it.
  (对此我们无能为力。)
• All that matters is your happiness.
  (你幸福就是最重要的。)

E. Whose

Whose是表示所属关系的关系代词。相当于中文的“其”、“......的”。

• I met a girl whose brother is a famous actor.
  (我遇到一个女孩，她的哥哥是著名演员。)
• He's the writer whose books you love.
  (他是你喜爱的作家。)
• The company whose employees went on strike is now negotiating.
  (员工罢工的那家公司正在谈判。)

F. Whatever, Whoever, Whichever, Wherever, Whenever

这些关系代词表达不确定性或泛指的意思：

• Whatever（无论什么，任何事物）
  • Do whatever you want.
    (你想做什么就做什么。)
• Whoever（任何人，谁）
  • Whoever wins will get a prize.
    (获胜的人将获得奖品。)
• Whichever（无论哪个，任何一个）
  • Take whichever you prefer.
    (你更喜欢哪个就拿哪个。)
• Wherever（无论哪里，任何地方）
  • Go wherever you like.
    (你想去哪就去哪。)
• Whenever（无论何时，每当）
  • Call me whenever you need.
    (你需要时随时给我打电话。)

G. 关系代词与介词搭配表达

某些动词或固定搭配需要在关系代词前加介词。这时可以用whom（指人）或which（指物/动物）。

• To + whom/which :（对谁 / 对于哪个）
  • The professor to whom I spoke was very helpful.
    (我交谈过的教授非常乐于助人。)
  • This is the solution to which I was referring.
    (这就是我所指的解决方案。)
• With + whom/which :（和谁 / 和哪个）
  • She's the colleague with whom I work.
    (她是我一起工作的同事。)
  • The method with which we succeeded was innovative.
    (我们成功的方法很创新。)
• Without + whom/which :（没有谁 / 没有哪个）
  • He is a friend without whom I wouldn't have made it.
    (没有他我不会成功。)
  • The tool without which we cannot work is missing.
    (我们无法工作的工具丢了。)
• By + whom/which :（由谁 / 通过哪个）
  • The method by which we solved the problem was innovative.
    (我们解决问题的方法很创新。)
  • The process by which this wine is made is centuries old.
    (这种葡萄酒的酿造工艺有几百年历史了。)
• From + whom/which :（来自谁 / 来自哪个）
  • The teacher from whom I learned the most is retired.
    (我学到最多的老师已经退休了。)
  • The country from which this tradition originates is unknown.
    (这种传统起源的国家未知。)
• About + whom/which :（关于谁 / 关于哪个）
  • The author about whom we talked is famous.
    (我们谈论的那位作者很有名。)
  • The theory about which we are learning is complex.
    (我们正在学习的理论很复杂。)
• On + which :（在......之上）
  • The topic on which he wrote is fascinating.
    (他写作的主题很吸引人。)
  • The table on which I placed my book is broken.
    (我放书的那张桌子坏了。)
• None / all / some / neither / a few ... + of who / of which :（很多/没有/一些......中的......）
  • The students, some of which had already graduated, attended the ceremony.
    (这些学生中，部分已经毕业并参加了仪式。)
  • The books, none of which I had read before, were very interesting.
    (这些书我之前一本都没读过，但都很有趣。)

在口语或常用英语中，介词常常放到句末，并且whom也常被替换为who：

• The professor I spoke to was very helpful. = The professor to whom I spoke was very helpful.
• The colleague I work with is very kind. = The colleague with whom I work is very kind.

3. 次要关系代词：Where, When, Why

虽然它们通常被称为关系副词而不是关系代词，但where、when和why发挥着与关系代词类似的作用，分别指地点、时间或原因。

A. Where

Where用于表示地点（无论是具体还是抽象的）。

• I love the city where I grew up.
  (我爱我成长的那座城市。)
• This is the house where we spent our vacation.
  (这里是我们度假的房子。)

B. When

When用于表达时间点或时期。

• There was a time when people wrote letters instead of emails.
  (曾经人们写信而不是发邮件。)
• I remember the day when we first met.
  (我记得我们第一次见面的那一天。)

C. Why

Why用于引出原因或理由。

• Do you know the reason why he left so suddenly?
  (你知道他为什么突然离开吗？)
• That’s why I decided to travel alone.
  (这就是我决定独自旅行的原因。)

结论

关系代词对于连接句子成分、构建更精确自然的句子至关重要。它们能避免重复，在不使表达冗长的情况下补充说明。正确区分限定性和非限定性关系从句能够帮助你更好地组织句子，准确表达所需内容。

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