Tečaj o direktnom i indirektnom govoru na engleskom jeziku - Priprema za TOEIC®
Direktni govor i indirektni govor (na engleskom, reported speech) dvije su metode prenošenja tuđih izjava.
- Direktni govor znači ponoviti doslovno ono što je netko rekao, obično koristeći navodnike.
- Indirektni govor znači prenijeti smisao onoga što je rečeno, bez nužnog korištenja istih riječi.
Ovaj tečaj ima za cilj objasniti ove dvije vrste izricanja na engleskom, prikazati njihove razlike i predstaviti temeljna pravila za transformaciju direktnog govora u indirektni govor.
Direktni govor (Direct Speech)
Direktni govor na engleskom znači doslovno prenijeti riječi nekoga. Prepoznaje se najčešće po navodnicima.
- John je rekao: "Idem u trgovinu."
- Ona je pitala: “Dolaziš li sa mnom?”
Značajke direktnog govora
- Upotreba navodnika: Direktni govor se stavlja u navodnike na engleskom: “...”
- Poštivanje interpunkcije: Znakovi interpunkcije (točka, zarez, upitnik...) obično su unutar navodnika.
- Inverzija subjekta i glagola moguća je kod pitanja: “Are you coming with me?”
- Glagolska vremena: Glagolska vremena u direktnom govoru ostaju onakva kakva ih je govornik izrekao.
Indirektni govor (Indirect Speech ili Reported Speech)
Indirektni govor (ili preneseni govor) omogućuje prenošenje nečije izjave bez doslovnog citiranja. Ovu vrstu govora karakterizira izostanak navodnika, a obično zahtijeva prilagodbu zamjenica, glagolskih vremena i izrazâ za vrijeme ili mjesto.
- Direktni govor: Mary je rekla: “Volim čitati knjige.”
- Indirektni govor: Mary je rekla da voli čitati knjige.
Općenito, indirektni govor omogućuje:
- Sažimanje ili prenošenje bitnog dijela poruke.
- Izbjegavanje doslovnog ponavljanja izjava.
- Prirodno uključivanje tuđih riječi u pripovijedanje.
U sljedećem dijelu ćemo vidjeti kako transformirati rečenicu iz direktnog u indirektni govor.
Prijelaz iz direktnog u indirektni govor
Da biste prešli iz direktnog u indirektni govor na engleskom, obično je potrebno prilagoditi:
- Glagol u uvodu (npr. said, told, asked, itd.).
- Osobne zamjenice (I, you, we...) prema novoj točki gledišta.
- Glagolsko vrijeme (poznato kao backshift, tj. pomicanje vremena unatrag).
- Izraze za vrijeme i mjesto (now, today, tomorrow...).
Korak 1: Promjene zamjenica
Osobne zamjenice treba prilagoditi prema osobi koja prepričava izjavu:
| Direktni govor | Indirektni govor | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| "I" | he / she (ovisno o tome o kome se radi) | I am hungry. → He said he was hungry. |
| "we" | they | We need more time. → They said they needed more time. |
| "you" | I / we (ili he/she/they, ovisno o kontekstu) | You should come with me. → She told me I should come with her. (ili) He told us we should go with him. |
Korak 2: Promjene vremena
Na engleskom, kada se prenosi izjava iz presenta, obično se mijenja u past, posebno kada je uvodni glagol u prošlom vremenu (said, told...). Evo sheme promjena vremena, poznate kao backshift na engleskom:
| Direktni govor (vrijeme) | Indirektni govor (vrijeme) | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple - prošlo vrijeme | I play football. → He said he played football. |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | I am playing football. → He said he was playing football. |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | I have played football. → He said he had played football. |
| Past Simple - prošlo vrijeme | Past Perfect | I played football. → He said he had played football. |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | I was playing football. → He said he had been playing football. |
| Future with will | Conditional with would | I will play football tomorrow. → He said he would play football the next day. |
| Modals: can / could | Modals: could | I can play football. → He said he could play football. |
| Modals: may / might | Modals: might | I may play football. → He said he might play football. |
| Modals: must | Modals: had to | I must play football. → He said he must play football. |
Iznimke i posebni slučajevi
- Ako je prenesena situacija još uvijek istinita (opća istina ili situacije koje su i dalje istinite trenutno), može se zadržati present.
- Direct: The teacher said, "The earth revolves around the sun."
- Indirect: The teacher said (that) the earth revolves around the sun.
- Ako je uvodni glagol u presentu (she says, he tells us), vrijeme ostaje isto.
- Direct: "I have a new car."
- Indirect: She says she has a new car.
- Modalni glagoli could, might, should, would i ought to ostaju nepromijenjeni u indirektnom govoru.
- Direct: "I could play better."
- Indirect: He said he could play better.
Korak 3: Promjene vremena i mjesta (prilagodbe priloga)
Pri prijelazu u indirektni govor, obično je potrebno prilagoditi priloge i izraze za vrijeme ili mjesto:
| Direktni govor | Indirektni govor | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| now | then, at that time | I am studying now. → He said he was studying then. |
| today | that day | I have an exam today. → She said she had an exam that day. |
| yesterday | the day before, the previous day | I saw him yesterday. → He said he had seen him the day before. |
| tomorrow | the next day, the following day | I will call you tomorrow. → She said she would call me the next day. |
| last week/month/year | the previous week/month/year | I went to Paris last year. → He said he had gone to Paris the previous year. |
| next week/month/year | the following week/month/year | We will start the project next week. → They said they would start the project the following week. |
| here | there | I am staying here. → She said she was staying there. |
| this | that | I like this book. → He said he liked that book. |
| these | those | I bought these shoes. → She said she had bought those shoes. |
| ago | before | I met her two years ago. → He said he had met her two years before. |
Uvodni glagoli (reporting verbs)
Obično se za formiranje direktnog ili indirektnog govora koristi uvodni glagol „say”.
Međutim, postoje i drugi glagoli prikazani u donjoj tablici. Također smo dodali kako se gradi rečenica, jer neki glagoli zahtijevaju infinitiv, drugi gerund...
| Uvodni glagol | Slijedi struktura | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| to tell | direktni objekt + infinitiv | She told me to finish my homework. |
| to ask | direktni objekt + infinitiv | He asked her to help him. |
| to advise | direktni objekt + infinitiv | The doctor advised me to rest for a few days. |
| to warn | direktni objekt + infinitiv | She warned us not to go into the forest. |
| to suggest | gerund (-ing oblik) | He suggested going to the park. |
| to explain | „that” + rečenica | She explained that she couldn't attend the meeting. |
| to say | „that” + rečenica | He said that he would arrive late. |
| to recommend | gerund (-ing oblik) | They recommended taking the earlier train. |
| to insist | gerund (-ing oblik) ili „that” | She insisted on coming with us. She insisted that we leave immediately. |
| to agree | infinitiv | He agreed to help me with my project. |
| to promise | infinitiv | She promised to call me later. |
| to refuse | infinitiv | He refused to apologize for his mistake. |
| to apologize | preposition + gerund (for + -ing) | He apologized for being late. |
| to admit | gerund (-ing oblik) ili „that” | She admitted cheating in the exam. She admitted that she had made a mistake. |
| to deny | gerund (-ing oblik) ili „that” | He denied stealing the money. He denied that he had stolen the money. |
| to encourage | direktni objekt + infinitiv | They encouraged me to apply for the position. |
| to forbid | direktni objekt + infinitiv | The teacher forbade us to use our phones during the exam. |
Razlika između say i tell
Važno je znati razliku između ova dva uvodna glagola:
- say obično se koristi izravno s prenesenom rečenicom ili s „that”.
- She said (that) she was tired.
- tell se uvijek koristi s direktnim objektom (me, you, him, her...) prije „that”.
- She told me (that) she was tired.
Pitanja u indirektnom govoru
Yes/No Questions
Za transformaciju zatvorenih pitanja u indirektni govor, koristi se „if” ili „whether”.
- He asked, "Do you like coffee?" → He asked if I liked coffee.
U toj situaciji, inverzija subjekta i glagola nestaje (nema više Do you).
Wh-Questions
Za prenošenje pitanja koja počinju s who, what, when, where, why, how, itd., zadržava se upitna riječ, ali se uspostavlja normalni redoslijed subjekta i glagola.
- Why was he late? → She asked me why he was late.
(„was” i „he” ponovno su u normalnom redoslijedu u indirektnom obliku.) - She asked, "Where are you going?" → She asked where I was going.
Imperativi u indirektnom govoru
Za prenošenje naredbe, molbe ili savjeta, obično se koristi to + infinitiv ili izrazi poput „told someone to do something” ili „asked someone to do something”.
-
Uz “told someone to do something”:
- Open the door! → He told me to open the door.
-
Uz “asked someone to do something”:
- Please, sit down. → She asked me to sit down.
Zaključak
Direktni govor i indirektni govor dvije su osnovne metode za prenošenje izjava na engleskom jeziku. Direktni govor, lako prepoznatljiv po navodnicima, vjerodostojno prenosi izvorne riječi. Indirektni govor, naprotiv, zahtijeva prilagodbu zamjenica, glagolskih vremena i priloga kako bi se prenijela poruka.
Ove strukture i nijanse često se procjenjuju na TOEIC® ispitu, posebno u sekcijama gramatike i razumijevanja pisanog teksta.