Kurs o direktnom i indirektnom govoru na engleskom jeziku - Priprema za TOEIC®
Direktni govor i indirektni govor (na engleskom, reported speech) su dva načina prenosa tuđih riječi.
- Direktni govor podrazumijeva ponavljanje doslovno onoga što je neko rekao, obično uz upotrebu navodnika.
- Indirektni govor podrazumijeva prenošenje ideje onoga što je rečeno, bez nužno korištenja istih riječi.
Ovaj kurs ima za cilj da objasni oba načina izricanja na engleskom jeziku, ilustruje njihove razlike i predstavi osnovna pravila za transformaciju direktnog govora u indirektni govor.
Direktni govor (Direct Speech)
Direktni govor na engleskom znači prenošenje tačnih riječi osobe. Obično ga prepoznajemo po navodnicima.
- John je rekao: "I'm going to the store."
- Ona je pitala: “Are you coming with me?”
Karakteristike direktnog govora
- Upotreba navodnika: Direktni govor se u engleskom piše između navodnika: “...”
- Poštovanje interpunkcije: Znakovi interpunkcije (tačka, zarez, upitnik itd.) se obično nalaze unutar navodnika.
- Inverzija subjekta i glagola moguća ako je rečenica pitanje: “Are you coming with me?”
- Glagolska vremena: Tense u direktnom govoru ostaje onakav kakav je izgovoren od strane govornika.
Indirektni govor (Indirect Speech ili Reported Speech)
Indirektni govor (ili reported speech) omogućava prenošenje tuđih riječi bez doslovnog citiranja. Ova forma se karakteriše izostankom navodnika i često zahtijeva prilagođavanje zamjenica, tense i izraza za vrijeme ili mjesto.
- Direktni govor: Mary said, “I love reading books.”
- Indirektni govor: Mary said that she loved reading books.
Obično, indirektni govor omogućava:
- Sažimanje ili prenošenje suštine poruke.
- Izbjegavanje doslovnog ponavljanja riječi.
- Prirodno uklapanje izjava u pripovijedanje.
U narednoj sekciji ćemo vidjeti kako transformisati rečenicu iz direktnog govora u indirektni govor.
Prelazak iz direktnog govora u indirektni govor
Da bismo prešli iz direktnog u indirektni govor na engleskom, obično mijenjamo:
- Uvodni glagol (npr. said, told, asked, itd.).
- Lične zamjenice (I, you, we...) kako bi odgovarale novoj perspektivi.
- Tense (proces nazvan backshift, što znači pomjeranje vremena unazad).
- Izrazi za vrijeme i mjesto (now, today, tomorrow...).
Korak 1: Promjene zamjenica
Lične zamjenice treba prilagoditi osobi koja prenosi izjavu:
| Direktni govor | Indirektni govor | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| "I" | he / she (zavisno od osobe o kojoj se govori) | I am hungry. → He said he was hungry. |
| "we" | they | We need more time. → They said they needed more time. |
| "you" | I / we (ili he/she/they, prema kontekstu i govorniku) | You should come with me. → She told me I should come with her. (ili) He told us we should go with him. |
Korak 2: Promjene vremena
Na engleskom, kada prenosimo izjave iz present vremena, obično ih mijenjamo u past vrijeme, naročito kada je uvodni glagol u past (said, told...). Sljedeća tabela prikazuje promjene vremena, poznate i kao backshift na engleskom:
| Direktni govor (tense) | Indirektni govor (tense) | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple - präteritum | I play football. → He said he played football. |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | I am playing football. → He said he was playing football. |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | I have played football. → He said he had played football. |
| Past Simple - präteritum | Past Perfect | I played football. → He said he had played football. |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | I was playing football. → He said he had been playing football. |
| Future with will | Conditional with would | I will play football tomorrow. → He said he would play football the next day. |
| Modals: can / could | Modals: could | I can play football. → He said he could play football. |
| Modals: may / might | Modals: might | I may play football. → He said he might play football. |
| Modals: must | Modals: had to | I must play football. → He said he must play football. |
Izuzeci i posebni slučajevi
- Ako je situacija koja se prenosi i dalje tačna (opšta istina ili situacije koje su još uvijek tačne), može se zadržati present.
- Direktni: The teacher said, "The earth revolves around the sun."
- Indirektni: The teacher said (that) the earth revolves around the sun.
- Ako je uvodni glagol u present (she says, he tells us), tense ostaje isti.
- Direktni: "I have a new car."
- Indirektni: She says she has a new car.
- Modalni glagoli could, might, should, would i ought to ostaju nepromijenjeni u indirektnom govoru.
- Direktni: "I could play better."
- Indirektni: He said he could play better.
Korak 3: Promjene adverbija za vrijeme i mjesto
Prilikom prelaska na indirektni govor, obično treba prilagoditi adverbije i izraze za vrijeme i mjesto:
| Direktni govor | Indirektni govor | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| now | then, at that time | I am studying now. → He said he was studying then. |
| today | that day | I have an exam today. → She said she had an exam that day. |
| yesterday | the day before, the previous day | I saw him yesterday. → He said he had seen him the day before. |
| tomorrow | the next day, the following day | I will call you tomorrow. → She said she would call me the next day. |
| last week/month/year | the previous week/month/year | I went to Paris last year. → He said he had gone to Paris the previous year. |
| next week/month/year | the following week/month/year | We will start the project next week. → They said they would start the project the following week. |
| here | there | I am staying here. → She said she was staying there. |
| this | that | I like this book. → He said he liked that book. |
| these | those | I bought these shoes. → She said she had bought those shoes. |
| ago | before | I met her two years ago. → He said he had met her two years before. |
Uvodni glagoli (reporting verbs)
Generalno, za formiranje indirektnog ili direktnog govora koristi se uvodni glagol „say“.
Međutim, postoje i drugi glagoli prikazani u tabeli ispod. Dodali smo i način formiranja rečenice, jer su neki glagoli praćeni infinitivom, drugi gerundom...
| Uvodni glagol | Praćena struktura | Primjer |
|---|---|---|
| to tell | direktni objekat + infinitiv | She told me to finish my homework. |
| to ask | direktni objekat + infinitiv | He asked her to help him. |
| to advise | direktni objekat + infinitiv | The doctor advised me to rest for a few days. |
| to warn | direktni objekat + infinitiv | She warned us not to go into the forest. |
| to suggest | gerund (-ing form) | He suggested going to the park. |
| to explain | „that“ + rečenica | She explained that she couldn’t attend the meeting. |
| to say | „that“ + rečenica | He said that he would arrive late. |
| to recommend | gerund (-ing form) | They recommended taking the earlier train. |
| to insist | gerund (-ing form) ili „that“ | She insisted on coming with us. She insisted that we leave immediately. |
| to agree | infinitiv | He agreed to help me with my project. |
| to promise | infinitiv | She promised to call me later. |
| to refuse | infinitiv | He refused to apologize for his mistake. |
| to apologize | preposition + gerund (for + -ing) | He apologized for being late. |
| to admit | gerund (-ing form) ili „that“ | She admitted cheating in the exam. She admitted that she had made a mistake. |
| to deny | gerund (-ing form) ili „that“ | He denied stealing the money. He denied that he had stolen the money. |
| to encourage | direktni objekat + infinitiv | They encouraged me to apply for the position. |
| to forbid | direktni objekat + infinitiv | The teacher forbade us to use our phones during the exam. |
Razlika između say i tell
Postoji važna razlika koju treba znati između ova dva uvodna glagola:
- say se obično prati direktno indirektnim govorom ili „that“.
- She said (that) she was tired.
- tell se uvijek prati direktnim objektom (me, you, him, her...) prije „that“.
- She told me (that) she was tired.
Pitanja u indirektnom govoru
Yes/No Questions
Za transformaciju zatvorenog pitanja u indirektni govor, koristi se „if“ ili „whether“.
- He asked, "Do you like coffee?" → He asked if I liked coffee.
U ovoj situaciji, inverzija subjekta i glagola nestaje (nema više Do you).
Wh-Questions
Da prenesete pitanje koje počinje sa who, what, when, where, why, how, itd., zadržava se upitna riječ, ali se vraća normalan redoslijed subjekta i glagola.
- Why was he late? → She asked me why he was late.
(„was“ i „he“ se vraćaju u normalan redoslijed u indirektnom obliku.) - She asked, "Where are you going?" → She asked where I was going.
Imperativi u indirektnom govoru
Za prenošenje naredbe, zahtjeva ili savjeta, obično se koristi to + infinitiv ili izrazi kao što su „told someone to do something“ ili „asked someone to do something“.
-
Sa “told someone to do something”:
- Open the door! → He told me to open the door.
-
Sa “asked someone to do something”:
- Please, sit down. → She asked me to sit down.
Zaključak
Direktni i indirektni govor su dva osnovna načina za prenošenje tuđih izjava na engleskom jeziku. Direktni govor, koji se lako prepoznaje po navodnicima, doslovno prenosi originalne riječi. Indirektni govor, s druge strane, zahtijeva prilagođavanje zamjenica, tense i adverbija kako bi se prenijela poruka.
Ove strukture i nijanse se često ispituju na TOEIC® testu, posebno u gramatičkim dijelovima i dijelovima za razumijevanje teksta.