Cwrs ar lefaru uniongyrchol ac anuniongyrchol yn Saesneg - Paratoi TOEIC®
Mae llefaru uniongyrchol a llefaru anuniongyrchol (yn Saesneg, reported speech) yn ddwy ffordd o adrodd geiriau rhywun arall.
- Llefaru uniongyrchol yw ailadrodd gair am air yr hyn a ddywedodd rhywun, fel arfer gan ddefnyddio dyfynodau.
- Llefaru anuniongyrchol yw adrodd syniad yr hyn a ddywedwyd, heb orfod defnyddio'r un geiriau.
Nod y cwrs hwn yw egluro'r ddwy ffordd o adrodd yn Saesneg, i ddangos eu gwahaniaethau ac i gyflwyno'r rheolau sylfaenol ar gyfer troi llefaru uniongyrchol yn lefaru anuniongyrchol.
Llefaru uniongyrchol (Direct Speech)
Mae llefaru uniongyrchol yn Saesneg yn golygu adrodd yn union yr hyn a ddywedodd person arall. Fel rheol, rhoddir y geiriau mewn dyfynodau.
- John said, "I'm going to the store."
- She asked, “Are you coming with me?”
Nodweddion llefaru uniongyrchol
- Defnyddio dyfynodau: Rhoir llefaru uniongyrchol rhwng dyfynodau yn Saesneg: “...”
- Cadw at atalnodi: Rhoir arwyddion atalnodi (dot, coma, arwydd cwestiwn ac ati) tu mewn i'r dyfynodau fel arfer.
- Trefn pwnc-berf yn gallu newid os mai cwestiwn yw'r frawddeg: “Are you coming with me?”
- Amserau berfol: Mae'r amserau berfol mewn llefaru uniongyrchol yn aros fel y'u llefarwyd gan y siaradwr.
Llefaru anuniongyrchol (Indirect Speech neu Reported Speech)
Mae llefaru anuniongyrchol (neu adroddedig) yn galluogi rhywun i gyfleu geiriau rhywun heb eu dyfynnu'n uniongyrchol. Mae'r ffurf hon yn ddim dyfynodau ac yn galw fel arfer am addasu'r rhagenwau, amserau berfol a mynegiannau amser neu le.
- Llefaru uniongyrchol: Mary said, “I love reading books.”
- Llefaru anuniongyrchol: Mary said that she loved reading books.
Yn gyffredinol, mae llefaru anuniongyrchol yn galluogi i:
- Crynodeb neu adrodd neges yn fyrrach.
- Osgoi ailadrodd gair am air.
- Eingluso naturiol y geiriau mewn narratif.
Gwelwn yn yr adran nesaf sut i drosi brawddeg o lefaru uniongyrchol i lefaru anuniongyrchol.
Trosi o lefaru uniongyrchol i anuniongyrchol
I drosi o lefaru uniongyrchol i lefaru anuniongyrchol yn Saesneg, fel arfer mae angen newid:
- Y ferf ragddodiadol (e.e. said, told, asked, ac ati).
- Y rhagenwau personol (I, you, we...) i gyd-fynd â safbwynt y sawl sy'n adrodd.
- Yr amser berfol (gelwir hyn yn backshift, sef symud amser yn ôl).
- Mynegiannau amser a lle (now, today, tomorrow...).
Cam 1: Newid rhagenwau
Rhaid addasu'r rhagenwau personol yn ôl y sawl sy'n adrodd y geiriau:
| Llefaru uniongyrchol | Llefaru anuniongyrchol | Enghraifft |
|---|---|---|
| "I" | he / she (yn ôl pwy sydd dan sylw) | I am hungry. → He said he was hungry. |
| "we" | they | We need more time. → They said they needed more time. |
| "you" | I / we (neu he/she/they, yn dibynnu ar y cyd-destun) | You should come with me. → She told me I should come with her. (neu) He told us we should go with him. |
Cam 2: Newid amseroedd berfol
Yn Saesneg, pan adroddir geiriau a ddywedwyd yn y present, fe'u trosir yn gyffredinol i'r past, yn enwedig pan mae y ferf ragddodiadol yn y gorffennol (said, told...). Dyma'r trosi amseroedd (backshift):
| Llefaru uniongyrchol (amser) | Llefaru anuniongyrchol (amser) | Enghraifft |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple - prétérit | I play football. → He said he played football. |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | I am playing football. → He said he was playing football. |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | I have played football. → He said he had played football. |
| Past Simple - prétérit | Past Perfect | I played football. → He said he had played football. |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | I was playing football. → He said he had been playing football. |
| Future gyda will | Amodol gyda would | I will play football tomorrow. → He said he would play football the next day. |
| Moddau: can / could | Moddau: could | I can play football. → He said he could play football. |
| Moddau: may / might | Moddau: might | I may play football. → He said he might play football. |
| Moddau: must | Moddau: had to | I must play football. → He said he must play football. |
Eithriadau ac achosion arbennig
- Os yw'r sefyllfa adroddedig yn dal yn wir (gwirionedd cyffredinol neu sefyllfa sy'n gywir o hyd), gellir cadw'r presennol.
- Uniongyrchol: The teacher said, "The earth revolves around the sun."
- Anuniongyrchol: The teacher said (that) the earth revolves around the sun.
- Os yw'r ferf ragddodiadol yn y presennol (she says, he tells us), mae'r amser yn aros yn uniongyrchol.
- Uniongyrchol: "I have a new car."
- Anuniongyrchol: She says she has a new car.
- Mae'r moddau could, might, should, would ac ought to yn parhau yr un fath yn llefaru anuniongyrchol.
- Uniongyrchol: "I could play better."
- Anuniongyrchol: He said he could play better.
Cam 3: Newid adferfau amser a lle
Wrth drosi i lefaru anuniongyrchol, mae angen addasu'r adferfau a'r mynegiannau amser neu le fel arfer:
| Llefaru uniongyrchol | Llefaru anuniongyrchol | Enghraifft |
|---|---|---|
| now | then, at that time | I am studying now. → He said he was studying then. |
| today | that day | I have an exam today. → She said she had an exam that day. |
| yesterday | the day before, the previous day | I saw him yesterday. → He said he had seen him the day before. |
| tomorrow | the next day, the following day | I will call you tomorrow. → She said she would call me the next day. |
| last week/month/year | the previous week/month/year | I went to Paris last year. → He said he had gone to Paris the previous year. |
| next week/month/year | the following week/month/year | We will start the project next week. → They said they would start the project the following week. |
| here | there | I am staying here. → She said she was staying there. |
| this | that | I like this book. → He said he liked that book. |
| these | those | I bought these shoes. → She said she had bought those shoes. |
| ago | before | I met her two years ago. → He said he had met her two years before. |
Y berfau ragddodiadol (reporting verbs)
Fel arfer, i ffurfio llefaru uniongyrchol neu anuniongyrchol, defnyddir y berf ragddodiadol "say".
Fodd bynnag, ceir hefyd ferfau eraill a ddangosir yn y tabl isod. Rydym hefyd wedi ychwanegu sut i ffurfio'r frawddeg, gan fod rhai berfau'n cael eu dilyn gan infinitif, eraill gan gerund...
| Berf ragddodiadol | Strwythur ddilynol | Enghraifft |
|---|---|---|
| to tell | gwrthrych uniongyrchol + infinitif | She told me to finish my homework. |
| to ask | gwrthrych uniongyrchol + infinitif | He asked her to help him. |
| to advise | gwrthrych uniongyrchol + infinitif | The doctor advised me to rest for a few days. |
| to warn | gwrthrych uniongyrchol + infinitif | She warned us not to go into the forest. |
| to suggest | gerund (-ing form) | He suggested going to the park. |
| to explain | "that" + clawd | She explained that she couldn’t attend the meeting. |
| to say | "that" + clawd | He said that he would arrive late. |
| to recommend | gerund (-ing form) | They recommended taking the earlier train. |
| to insist | gerund (-ing form) neu "that" | She insisted on coming with us. She insisted that we leave immediately. |
| to agree | infinitif | He agreed to help me with my project. |
| to promise | infinitif | She promised to call me later. |
| to refuse | infinitif | He refused to apologize for his mistake. |
| to apologize | rhagferf + gerund (for + -ing) | He apologized for being late. |
| to admit | gerund (-ing form) neu "that" | She admitted cheating in the exam. She admitted that she had made a mistake. |
| to deny | gerund (-ing form) neu "that" | He denied stealing the money. He denied that he had stolen the money. |
| to encourage | gwrthrych uniongyrchol + infinitif | They encouraged me to apply for the position. |
| to forbid | gwrthrych uniongyrchol + infinitif | The teacher forbade us to use our phones during the exam. |
Gwahaniaeth rhwng say a tell
Mae gwahaniaeth pwysig i'w wybod rhwng y ddwy ferf ragddodiadol hyn:
- Mae say fel arfer yn cael ei ddilyn yn syth gan y llefaru adroddedig neu "that".
- She said (that) she was tired.
- Mae tell bob tro yn cael ei ddilyn gan wrthrych uniongyrchol (me, you, him, her...) cyn "that".
- She told me (that) she was tired.
Cwestiynau mewn llefaru anuniongyrchol
Cwestiynau Ie/Na (Yes/No Questions)
I drosi cwestiwn caeedig i lefaru anuniongyrchol, defnyddir "if" neu "whether".
- He asked, "Do you like coffee?" → He asked if I liked coffee.
Yn y sefyllfa hon, diflanna'r gwrthdro pwnc-berf (dim mwy o Do you).
Cwestiynau Wh-
I adrodd cwestiwn sy'n dechrau gyda who, what, when, where, why, how, ac ati, cedwir y gair cwestiwnol, ond adferir trefn arferol pwnc-berf.
- Why was he late? → She asked me why he was late.
(mae "was" a "he" yn mynd yn ôl i'w lle arferol yn y ffurf anuniongyrchol.) - She asked, "Where are you going?" → She asked where I was going.
Imperialau mewn llefaru anuniongyrchol
I adrodd gorchymyn, cais neu gyngor, defnyddir fel arfer to + infinitif neu ymadroddion fel "told someone to do something" neu "asked someone to do something".
-
Gyda "told someone to do something":
- Open the door! → He told me to open the door.
-
Gyda "asked someone to do something":
- Please, sit down. → She asked me to sit down.
Casgliad
Mae llefaru uniongyrchol ac anuniongyrchol yn ddwy ffordd sylfaenol o adrodd geiriau yn Saesneg. Mae llefaru uniongyrchol, sy'n hawdd ei adnabod diolch i'r dyfynodau, yn ailadrodd y geiriau'n union fel y'u dywedwyd. Mae llefaru anuniongyrchol, ar y llaw arall, yn galw am addasu'r rhagenwau, amserau berfol ac adferfau i adlewyrchu'r neges.
Mae'r ffurfiau a'r cynnilion hyn yn cael eu hasesu'n aml yn y TOEIC®, yn enwedig yn yr adrannau gramadeg a deall testun.