Cúrsa ar an gcaint dhíreach agus indíreach i mBéarla - Ullmhúchán do TOEIC®
Is iad an chaint dhíreach agus an chaint indíreach (i mBéarla, reported speech) dhá bhealach le focail duine eile a thabhairt ar aghaidh.
- Caint dhíreach: Déantar athrá focail duine eile go díreach, de ghnáth le comharthaí athfhriotail.
- Caint indíreach: Tugtar an bun-smaoineamh a dúradh ar aghaidh, gan na focail chruinne a úsáid i gcónaí.
Is é cuspóir an chúrsa seo na bealaí eanais seo a mhíniú i mBéarla, difríochtaí a léiriú eatarthu, agus na rialacha bunúsacha le haghaidh athrú ó chainte dhíreach go caint indíreach a chur i láthair.
Caint dhíreach (Direct Speech)
Is é atá sa chaint dhíreach i mBéarla ná focail duine eile a thabhairt ar aghaidh go díreach. Aithnítear í de ghnáth le comharthaí athfhriotail.
- John said, "I'm going to the store."
- She asked, “Are you coming with me?”
Tréithe na cainte dírí
- Úsáid comharthaí athfhriotail: Cuirtear an chaint dhíreach idir comharthaí athfhriotail i mBéarla: “...”
- Meas ar phoncú: Cuirtear na comharthaí poncaíochta (ponc, camóg, ceistmharc, srl.) istigh sna comharthaí athfhriotail de ghnáth.
- Aisiompú ábhar-briathar indéanta má tá ceist ann: “Are you coming with me?”
- Aimsirí briathartha: Fanann na aimsirí briathartha sa chaint dhíreach mar a dúirt an cainteoir iad.
Caint indíreach (Indirect Speech nó Reported Speech)
Ceadaíonn an chaint indíreach (nó reported speech) duit focail duine eile a chur in iúl gan iad a lua go díreach. Níl comharthaí athfhriotail sa chineál seo cainte agus is minic go gcaithfear forainmneacha, aimsirí briathartha agus nathanna ama/ná háite a choigeartú.
- Caint dhíreach: Mary said, “I love reading books.”
- Caint indíreach: Mary said that she loved reading books.
Tríd is tríd, ceadaíonn an chaint indíreach duit:
- Achoimre a thabhairt nó bunphointe teachtaireachta a chur in iúl.
- Athrá díreach ar na focail a sheachaint.
- Focail duine eile a ionchorprú go nádúrtha i scéal.
Feicfimid sa chéad chuid eile conas abairt a athrú ó chainte dhíreach go caint indíreach.
Ag athrú ó chainte dhíreach go caint indíreach
Chun athrú ó chainte dhíreach go caint indíreach i mBéarla, caithfear de ghnáth na rudaí seo a choigeartú:
- An briathar tosaigh (m.sh. said, told, asked, srl.)
- Na forainmneacha pearsanta (I, you, we...) ionas go n-oireann siad don dearcadh nua.
- An aimsir briathartha (ar a dtugtar backshift, is é sin, siarghabháil aimsire).
- Nathanna ama agus áite (now, today, tomorrow...).
Céim 1: Athruithe forainmneacha
Caithfear na forainmneacha pearsanta a choigeartú ag brath cé atá ag tuairisciú:
| Caint dhíreach | Caint indíreach | Sampla |
|---|---|---|
| "I" | he / she (ag brath ar an duine atá i gceist) | I am hungry. → He said he was hungry. |
| "we" | they | We need more time. → They said they needed more time. |
| "you" | I / we (nó he/she/they, ag brath ar an gcomhthéacs) | You should come with me. → She told me I should come with her. (nó) He told us we should go with him. |
Céim 2: Athruithe aimsire
I mBéarla, nuair a thugtar tuairisc ar rud a dúradh san aimsir láithreach, athraítear é go haimsir chaite de ghnáth, go háirithe má tá an briathar tosaigh san aimsir chaite (said, told...). Seo an tábla athruithe aimsire (ar a dtugtar backshift i mBéarla):
| Caint dhíreach (aimsir) | Caint indíreach (aimsir) | Sampla |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple - prétérit | I play football. → He said he played football. |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | I am playing football. → He said he was playing football. |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | I have played football. → He said he had played football. |
| Past Simple - prétérit | Past Perfect | I played football. → He said he had played football. |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | I was playing football. → He said he had been playing football. |
| Future with will | Conditional with would | I will play football tomorrow. → He said he would play football the next day. |
| Modals: can / could | Modals: could | I can play football. → He said he could play football. |
| Modals: may / might | Modals: might | I may play football. → He said he might play football. |
| Modals: must | Modals: had to | I must play football. → He said he must play football. |
Eisceachtaí agus cásanna speisialta
- Má tá an ráiteas fós fíor (fírinne ghinearálta nó rud atá fós fíor ag an am a labhraítear), is féidir an aimsir láithreach a choinneáil.
- Direct: The teacher said, "The earth revolves around the sun."
- Indirect: The teacher said (that) the earth revolves around the sun.
- Má tá an briathar tosaigh san aimsir láithreach (she says, he tells us), fanann an aimsir mar a bhí.
- Direct: "I have a new car."
- Indirect: She says she has a new car.
- Fanann na modhanna could, might, should, would agus ought to gan athrú sa chaint indíreach.
- Direct: "I could play better."
- Indirect: He said he could play better.
Céim 3: Athruithe ar adverbanna ama agus áite
Nuair a athraítear go caint indíreach, is gá de ghnáth na hadverbanna agus nathanna ama nó áite a choigeartú:
| Caint dhíreach | Caint indíreach | Sampla |
|---|---|---|
| now | then, at that time | I am studying now. → He said he was studying then. |
| today | that day | I have an exam today. → She said she had an exam that day. |
| yesterday | the day before, the previous day | I saw him yesterday. → He said he had seen him the day before. |
| tomorrow | the next day, the following day | I will call you tomorrow. → She said she would call me the next day. |
| last week/month/year | the previous week/month/year | I went to Paris last year. → He said he had gone to Paris the previous year. |
| next week/month/year | the following week/month/year | We will start the project next week. → They said they would start the project the following week. |
| here | there | I am staying here. → She said she was staying there. |
| this | that | I like this book. → He said he liked that book. |
| these | those | I bought these shoes. → She said she had bought those shoes. |
| ago | before | I met her two years ago. → He said he had met her two years before. |
Na briathra tuairisce (reporting verbs)
Go hiondúil, chun caint indíreach nó díreach a fhoirmiú, úsáidtear an briathar tuairisce « say ».
Mar sin féin, tá go leor briathra eile ann a úsáidtear freisin. Tá an tábla thíos ann le léiriú conas abairt a fhoirmiú le gach ceann, mar tá roinnt briathra le leanúint ag infhilleadh, cuid eile le gérúndach...
| Briathar tuairisce | Struchtúr ina dhiaidh | Sampla |
|---|---|---|
| to tell | díreacht réad + infinitive | She told me to finish my homework. |
| to ask | díreacht réad + infinitive | He asked her to help him. |
| to advise | díreacht réad + infinitive | The doctor advised me to rest for a few days. |
| to warn | díreacht réad + infinitive | She warned us not to go into the forest. |
| to suggest | gerund (-ing form) | He suggested going to the park. |
| to explain | "that" + clásal | She explained that she couldn’t attend the meeting. |
| to say | "that" + clásal | He said that he would arrive late. |
| to recommend | gerund (-ing form) | They recommended taking the earlier train. |
| to insist | gerund (-ing form) nó "that" | She insisted on coming with us. She insisted that we leave immediately. |
| to agree | infinitive | He agreed to help me with my project. |
| to promise | infinitive | She promised to call me later. |
| to refuse | infinitive | He refused to apologize for his mistake. |
| to apologize | preposition + gerund (for + -ing) | He apologized for being late. |
| to admit | gerund (-ing form) nó "that" | She admitted cheating in the exam. She admitted that she had made a mistake. |
| to deny | gerund (-ing form) nó "that" | He denied stealing the money. He denied that he had stolen the money. |
| to encourage | díreacht réad + infinitive | They encouraged me to apply for the position. |
| to forbid | díreacht réad + infinitive | The teacher forbade us to use our phones during the exam. |
Difríocht idir say agus tell
Tá difríocht thábhachtach idir an dá bhriathar tuairisce seo:
- say: leanann sé díreach an caint tuairiscithe nó "that".
- She said (that) she was tired.
- tell: leanann sé i gcónaí réad díreach (me, you, him, her...) roimh "that".
- She told me (that) she was tired.
Ceisteanna sa chainte indíreach
Ceisteanna Yes/No
Chun ceist dhúnta a athrú go caint indíreach, úsáidtear « if » nó « whether ».
- He asked, "Do you like coffee?" → He asked if I liked coffee.
Sa chás seo, imíonn an aisiompú ábhar-briathar (níl Do you a thuilleadh).
Ceisteanna Wh-
Chun ceist a thosnaíonn le who, what, when, where, why, how, srl. a thabhairt ar aghaidh, coinnítear an forainm fiosrach, ach athraítear an seicheamh abairte go gnáth.
- Why was he late? → She asked me why he was late.
(Tagann "was" agus "he" ar ais in ord gnáth sa leagan indíreach.) - She asked, "Where are you going?" → She asked where I was going.
An t-ordú sa chainte indíreach
Chun ordú, iarratas nó comhairle a thabhairt ar aghaidh, úsáidtear de ghnáth to + infinitive nó nathanna mar "told someone to do something" nó "asked someone to do something".
-
Le “told someone to do something”:
- Open the door! → He told me to open the door.
-
Le “asked someone to do something”:
- Please, sit down. → She asked me to sit down.
Conclúid
Is dhá bhealach thábhachtacha iad an chaint dhíreach agus an chaint indíreach chun focail duine eile a thabhairt ar aghaidh i mBéarla. Cuireann an chaint dhíreach, a aithnítear go héasca le comharthaí athfhriotail, focail bhunaidh an chainteora in iúl go díreach. Tá gá leis an gcaint indíreach forainmneacha, aimsirí briathartha agus adverbanna a choigeartú chun an teachtaireacht a láthrú i gceart.
Déantar tástáil rialta ar na struchtúir agus nuances seo sa TOEIC®, go háirithe sna rannóga gramadaí agus tuisceana léitheoireachta.