Kursus tentang Direct dan Indirect Speech dalam Bahasa Inggris - Persiapan TOEIC®
Direct speech dan indirect speech (dalam bahasa Inggris, reported speech) adalah dua cara untuk melaporkan ucapan seseorang.
- Direct speech berarti mengulang secara persis kata-kata yang diucapkan seseorang, biasanya dengan menggunakan tanda kutip.
- Indirect speech berarti menyampaikan inti dari apa yang telah dikatakan, tanpa harus menggunakan kata-kata yang sama.
Kursus ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan dua bentuk pelaporan ucapan ini dalam bahasa Inggris, mengilustrasikan perbedaannya, dan menyajikan aturan dasar untuk mengubah direct speech ke indirect speech.
Direct Speech (Discours Direct)
Direct speech dalam bahasa Inggris berarti melaporkan secara persis ucapan seseorang. Biasanya ditandai dengan adanya tanda kutip.
- John said, "I'm going to the store."
- She asked, “Are you coming with me?”
Karakteristik direct speech
- Penggunaan tanda kutip: Direct speech ditempatkan di antara tanda kutip dalam bahasa Inggris: “...”
- Tata letak tanda baca: Tanda baca (titik, koma, tanda tanya, dll.) biasanya diletakkan di dalam tanda kutip.
- Inversi subjek-predikat dapat terjadi jika kalimat berupa pertanyaan: “Are you coming with me?”
- Tenses: Tenses dalam direct speech tetap seperti yang diucapkan oleh pembicara.
Indirect Speech (Discours Indirect atau Reported Speech)
Indirect speech (atau reported) memungkinkan menyampaikan ucapan seseorang tanpa mengutipnya secara persis. Bentuk ini tidak menggunakan tanda kutip dan biasanya memerlukan penyesuaian pada pronomina, tenses, serta kata atau frasa penunjuk waktu dan tempat.
- Direct speech: Mary said, “I love reading books.”
- Indirect speech: Mary said that she loved reading books.
Secara umum, indirect speech memungkinkan untuk:
- Merangkum atau menyampaikan inti pesan.
- Menghindari pengulangan ucapan secara tekstual.
- Memasukkan secara alami ucapan ke dalam suatu narasi.
Kita akan melihat pada bagian berikutnya bagaimana mengubah kalimat dari direct speech menjadi indirect speech.
Mengubah dari Direct Speech ke Indirect Speech
Untuk mengubah direct speech menjadi indirect speech dalam bahasa Inggris, biasanya kita perlu menyesuaikan:
- Kata kerja pengantar (misalnya said, told, asked, dll.).
- Pronomina personal (I, you, we...) agar sesuai dengan sudut pandang baru.
- Tenses (disebut backshift, yaitu menggeser tense ke waktu lampau).
- Kata atau frasa penunjuk waktu dan tempat (now, today, tomorrow...).
Langkah 1: Perubahan pronomina
Pronomina personal harus disesuaikan tergantung pada siapa yang melaporkan ucapan:
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| "I" | he / she (tergantung pada siapa yang dibicarakan) | I am hungry. → He said he was hungry. |
| "we" | they | We need more time. → They said they needed more time. |
| "you" | I / we (atau he/she/they, tergantung konteks dan pembicara) | You should come with me. → She told me I should come with her. (atau) He told us we should go with him. |
Langkah 2: Perubahan tenses
Dalam bahasa Inggris, ketika melaporkan ucapan yang diucapkan pada present, biasanya tense diubah ke past, terutama jika kata kerja pengantarnya dalam bentuk past (said, told...). Berikut adalah tabel perubahan tenses yang juga dikenal sebagai backshift dalam bahasa Inggris:
| Direct Speech (Tense) | Indirect Speech (Tense) | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Present simple | Past simple - präterit | I play football. → He said he played football. |
| Present continuous | Past continuous | I am playing football. → He said he was playing football. |
| Present perfect | Past perfect | I have played football. → He said he had played football. |
| Past simple - präterit | Past perfect | I played football. → He said he had played football. |
| Past continuous | Past perfect continuous | I was playing football. → He said he had been playing football. |
| Future dengan will | Conditional dengan would | I will play football tomorrow. → He said he would play football the next day. |
| Modals: can / could | Modals: could | I can play football. → He said he could play football. |
| Modals: may / might | Modals: might | I may play football. → He said he might play football. |
| Modals: must | Modals: had to | I must play football. → He said he must play football. |
Pengecualian dan kasus khusus
- Jika situasi yang dilaporkan masih benar (kebenaran umum atau situasi yang masih berlaku pada saat berbicara), tenses dapat tetap pada present.
- Direct: The teacher said, "The earth revolves around the sun."
- Indirect: The teacher said (that) the earth revolves around the sun.
- Jika kata kerja pengantar berada di present (she says, he tells us), tenses tetap sama.
- Direct: "I have a new car."
- Indirect: She says she has a new car.
- Modal could, might, should, would, dan ought to tidak berubah dalam indirect speech.
- Direct: "I could play better."
- Indirect: He said he could play better.
Langkah 3: Perubahan adverb waktu dan tempat
Saat mengubah ke indirect speech, biasanya kita menyesuaikan adverb dan ekspresi waktu/tempat:
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| now | then, at that time | I am studying now. → He said he was studying then. |
| today | that day | I have an exam today. → She said she had an exam that day. |
| yesterday | the day before, the previous day | I saw him yesterday. → He said he had seen him the day before. |
| tomorrow | the next day, the following day | I will call you tomorrow. → She said she would call me the next day. |
| last week/month/year | the previous week/month/year | I went to Paris last year. → He said he had gone to Paris the previous year. |
| next week/month/year | the following week/month/year | We will start the project next week. → They said they would start the project the following week. |
| here | there | I am staying here. → She said she was staying there. |
| this | that | I like this book. → He said he liked that book. |
| these | those | I bought these shoes. → She said she had bought those shoes. |
| ago | before | I met her two years ago. → He said he had met her two years before. |
Reporting Verbs (Kata Kerja Pengantar)
Secara umum, untuk membentuk indirect atau direct speech, kita menggunakan kata kerja pengantar “say”.
Namun, ada juga kata kerja lain yang dapat digunakan, sebagaimana ditunjukkan pada tabel di bawah. Kami juga menambahkan bagaimana membentuk kalimatnya, karena beberapa kata kerja diikuti oleh infinitive, beberapa oleh gerund, dan lain sebagainya.
| Kata Kerja Pengantar | Struktur yang Mengikuti | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| to tell | objek langsung + infinitive | She told me to finish my homework. |
| to ask | objek langsung + infinitive | He asked her to help him. |
| to advise | objek langsung + infinitive | The doctor advised me to rest for a few days. |
| to warn | objek langsung + infinitive | She warned us not to go into the forest. |
| to suggest | gerund (-ing form) | He suggested going to the park. |
| to explain | "that" + klausa | She explained that she couldn’t attend the meeting. |
| to say | "that" + klausa | He said that he would arrive late. |
| to recommend | gerund (-ing form) | They recommended taking the earlier train. |
| to insist | gerund (-ing form) atau "that" | She insisted on coming with us. She insisted that we leave immediately. |
| to agree | infinitive | He agreed to help me with my project. |
| to promise | infinitive | She promised to call me later. |
| to refuse | infinitive | He refused to apologize for his mistake. |
| to apologize | preposisi + gerund (for + -ing) | He apologized for being late. |
| to admit | gerund (-ing form) atau "that" | She admitted cheating in the exam. She admitted that she had made a mistake. |
| to deny | gerund (-ing form) atau "that" | He denied stealing the money. He denied that he had stolen the money. |
| to encourage | objek langsung + infinitive | They encouraged me to apply for the position. |
| to forbid | objek langsung + infinitive | The teacher forbade us to use our phones during the exam. |
Perbedaan antara say dan tell
Ada perbedaan penting yang perlu diketahui antara dua kata kerja pengantar ini:
- say biasanya langsung diikuti oleh indirect speech atau "that".
- She said (that) she was tired.
- tell selalu diikuti oleh objek langsung (me, you, him, her, dll.) sebelum "that".
- She told me (that) she was tired.
Pertanyaan dalam Indirect Speech
Yes/No Questions
Untuk mengubah pertanyaan tertutup menjadi indirect speech, gunakan "if" atau "whether".
- He asked, "Do you like coffee?" → He asked if I liked coffee.
Dalam hal ini, inversi subjek-predikat hilang (tidak ada lagi Do you).
Wh-Questions
Untuk melaporkan pertanyaan yang dimulai dengan who, what, when, where, why, how, dan sebagainya, kata tanya tetap dipertahankan, tetapi susunan subjek-predikat kembali ke bentuk kalimat biasa.
- Why was he late? → She asked me why he was late.
(“was” dan “he” kembali ke urutan normal dalam bentuk indirect.) - She asked, "Where are you going?" → She asked where I was going.
Imperatif dalam Indirect Speech
Untuk melaporkan perintah, permintaan, atau nasihat, biasanya digunakan to + infinitive atau ekspresi seperti "told someone to do something" atau "asked someone to do something".
-
Dengan "told someone to do something":
- Open the door! → He told me to open the door.
-
Dengan "asked someone to do something":
- Please, sit down. → She asked me to sit down.
Kesimpulan
Direct speech dan indirect speech adalah dua metode mendasar untuk melaporkan ucapan dalam bahasa Inggris. Direct speech, yang mudah dikenali dengan adanya tanda kutip, mengulang ucapan asli secara persis. Sebaliknya, indirect speech memerlukan penyesuaian pada pronomina, tenses, dan adverb untuk menyampaikan pesan.
Struktur dan nuansa ini sering diuji dalam TOEIC®, khususnya di bagian grammar dan reading comprehension.