TOEIC®対策過去形(past simple/過去形)講座

❓ 「prétérit」と「past simple」は英語で同じ意味です。
1. Past simple(過去形)の作り方
英語には2種類の動詞があります:
- 不規則動詞(irregular verb):暗記すべき動詞リスト(約200語)
- 規則動詞(regular verb):その他の動詞
なぜこれが重要なのでしょうか?それは動詞が規則動詞か不規則動詞かによって、動詞の活用方法が異なるからです...。
❓ 不規則動詞は覚えるのが大変だと思うかもしれません。学校では暗記を強いられますからね。
🎯 しかし、正しい方法(私たちのゲームで可能)で学べば、TOEIC®対策に非常に役立ちます。語彙力の基礎が身につきます。
🔗 不規則動詞の一覧と、簡単に覚えられるゲームはこちら:不規則動詞
1.1. 規則動詞の場合
肯定文 | 否定文 | 疑問文 |
---|---|---|
I traveled | I did not (didn't) travel | Did I travel ? |
You traveled | You did not (didn’t) travel | Did you travel ? |
He / She / It traveled | He / She / It did not (didn’t) travel | Did she travel ? |
We traveled | We did not (didn’t) travel | Did we travel ? |
You traveled | You did not (didn’t) travel | Did you travel ? |
They traveled | They did not (didn’t) travel | Did they travel ? |
- 肯定文では動詞の語尾に 「ed」(または「d」) を付けます。
- 否定文では主語と動詞(不定詞)の間に 「did not」(または「didn't」) を挿入します。
- 疑問文では 「did」+ 主語 + 動詞(不定詞) + ? の形にします。
よくある間違い
-
否定文・疑問文で過去形の動詞と「did」を同時に使う:
- 間違い:I didn't
traveledto Paris. - 正解:I didn't travel to Paris.
- 間違い:I didn't
-
規則動詞と不規則動詞の形を混同する(次のセクションで説明):
- 間違い:He
goedto the store. - 正解:He went to the store.
- 間違い:He
-
疑問文で主語と動詞の語順を間違える:
- 間違い:
You didtravel to Paris? - 正解:*Did you travel to Paris?*
- 間違い:
1.2. 不規則動詞の場合
1.2.1. 不規則動詞の活用
肯定文 | 否定文 | 疑問文 |
---|---|---|
I wrote | I did not (didn’t) write | Did I write? |
You wrote | You did not (didn’t) write | Did you write? |
He / She / It wrote | He / She / It did not (didn’t) write | Did he/she/it write? |
We wrote | We did not (didn’t) write | Did we write? |
You wrote | You did not (didn’t) write | Did you write? |
They wrote | They did not (didn’t) write | Did they write? |
- 肯定文では、不規則動詞の 過去形(一般的に不規則動詞リストの2列目)を使います。
- 否定文・疑問文では、規則動詞と同じ形を使います。
1.2.2. 「be」動詞の特別な使い方
肯定文 | 否定文 | 疑問文 |
---|---|---|
I was | I was not (wasn’t) | Was I? |
You were | You were not (weren’t) | Were you? |
He / She / It was | He / She / It was not (wasn’t) | Was he/she/it? |
We were | We were not (weren’t) | Were we? |
You were | You were not (weren’t) | Were you? |
They were | They were not (weren’t) | Were they? |
- were は、1人称単数と3人称単数以外のすべてで使います(1人称単数と3人称単数では was)。
- 注意が必要なのは、「be」動詞を過去形にする場合、didのような擬似助動詞は使いません。直接 was や were を使って過去形を作ります。
2. Past simple(過去形)はいつ使う?
2.1. 完全に終了した行動
過去形は、過去に完全に終わった行動を表す際に使います。こうした行動は現在と関係ありません。
- I finished my homework last night.
- They moved to a new house in 2015.
時を表す語句
これらの時を表す語句が文中にある場合、動詞は過去形になる可能性が高いです:
- at
- I finished at 9 o'clock
- I finished at 3.30
- I finished at the end of the day
- I finished at Christmas
- on
- I finished on Monday
- I finished on 23th March
- I finished on the 28st
- I finished on Christmas Day
- in
- I finished in February
- I finished in 1976
- I finished in the 1990s
- I finished in winter / summer ...
- 前置詞なし:
- I finished yesterday
- I finished yesterday afternoon
- I finished last Friday
- I finished a few days ago
- I finished the day before yesterday
- I finished when I was young
- I lived in Paris *for five years. (5年間住んでいたが、現在は住んでいない)*
2.2. 過去に繰り返された行動
過去形は、過去に繰り返されていたが現在は行われていない行動にも使います。
- When I was a child, I played outside every day.
- She visited her grandparents every summer.
2.3. 過去に次々と起こった行動
過去に連続して起こった一連の行動を説明する際も、過去形を使います。
- He entered the room, sat down, and started to read.
- She finished her homework, put away her books, and went to bed.
2.4. 過去の一定期間続いた行動
過去形は、過去のある期間続いて、今は終わった行動を表す際にも使います。
- I lived in Paris for five years.
- They worked at the company from 2010 to 2015.
2.5. 過去の途中で他の行動によって中断された行動
過去形は、過去に進行中だった行動が他の行動で中断された場合にも使われます。進行中の行動はしばしばpast continuousで表されます。
- I was watching TV when the phone rang.
- She was cooking dinner when he arrived.
⚠️ これは条件法の一種です。詳細は関連講座で説明します。
結論
過去についてさらに学び、TOEIC®で過去形を完全に使いこなしたい方には、以下の記事がおすすめです: