Tečaj o neposrednem in posrednem govoru v angleščini - Priprava na TOEIC®
Neposredni govor in posredni govor (v angleščini reported speech) sta dva načina prenašanja izrečenega nekoga drugega.
- Neposredni govor pomeni, da ponovimo dobesedno, kar je nekdo rekel, običajno z uporabo narekovajev.
- Posredni govor pomeni, da povemo bistvo izrečenega, ne nujno z istimi besedami.
Ta tečaj pojasnjuje oba načina izražanja v angleščini, ponazarja njihove razlike in predstavlja osnovna pravila za pretvorbo neposrednega govora v posredni govor.
Neposredni govor (Direct Speech)
Neposredni govor v angleščini pomeni do besede prenesti izjavo nekoga drugega. Prepoznamo ga po narekovajih.
- John je rekel: "I'm going to the store."
- She asked, “Are you coming with me?”
Značilnosti neposrednega govora
- Uporaba narekovajev: Neposredni govor je v angleščini postavljen med narekovaje: “...”
- Upoštevanje ločil: Ločila (pika, vejica, vprašaj...) so običajno znotraj narekovajev.
- Obrat vrstnega reda oseba-glagol je možen pri vprašanjih: “Are you coming with me?”
- Glagolski časi: Glagolski časi v neposrednem govoru ostanejo takšni, kot jih je izrekel govorec.
Posredni govor (Indirect Speech ali Reported Speech)
Posredni govor (ali poročan govor) omogoča, da posredujemo izjavo nekoga brez dobesednega navajanja. Za to obliko je značilna odsotnost narekovajev in običajno zahteva prilagoditve zaimkov, glagolskih časov ter izražanja časa ali kraja.
- Neposredni govor: Mary said, “I love reading books.”
- Posredni govor: Mary said that she loved reading books.
Na splošno posredni govor omogoča:
- Povzemanje ali prenašanje bistva sporočila.
- Izogibanje dobesednemu ponavljanju izrečenega.
- Naravno vključevanje izjav v pripoved.
V naslednjem razdelku bomo pogledali, kako pretvorimo stavke iz neposrednega v posredni govor.
Pretvorba iz neposrednega v posredni govor
Za pretvorbo neposrednega govora v posredni govor v angleščini je običajno treba spremeniti:
- Uvodni glagol (npr. said, told, asked, itd.).
- Osebne zaimke (I, you, we...) glede na nov pogled.
- Glagolski čas (imenovano backshift, kar pomeni pomik časa nazaj).
- Izraze za čas in kraj (now, today, tomorrow...).
Korak 1: Sprememba zaimkov
Osebne zaimke je treba prilagoditi glede na osebo, ki izreka izjavo:
| Neposredni govor | Posredni govor | Primer |
|---|---|---|
| "I" | he / she (glede na osebo, o kateri govorimo) | I am hungry. → He said he was hungry. |
| "we" | they | We need more time. → They said they needed more time. |
| "you" | I / we (ali he/she/they, odvisno od konteksta) | You should come with me. → She told me I should come with her. (ali) He told us we should go with him. |
Korak 2: Sprememba glagolskih časov
V angleščini se izjave v sedanjiku običajno pretvorijo v preteklik, zlasti kadar je uvodni glagol v pretekliku (said, told...). Tu je pregled pretvorb časov, imenovan backshift v angleščini:
| Neposredni govor (čas) | Posredni govor (čas) | Primer |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple - präterit | I play football. → He said he played football. |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | I am playing football. → He said he was playing football. |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | I have played football. → He said he had played football. |
| Past Simple - präterit | Past Perfect | I played football. → He said he had played football. |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | I was playing football. → He said he had been playing football. |
| Future with will | Conditional with would | I will play football tomorrow. → He said he would play football the next day. |
| Modals: can / could | Modals: could | I can play football. → He said he could play football. |
| Modals: may / might | Modals: might | I may play football. → He said he might play football. |
| Modals: must | Modals: had to | I must play football. → He said he must play football. |
Izjeme in posebni primeri
- Če je opisana situacija še vedno resnična (splošna resnica ali situacija, ki velja ob času govora), lahko obdržimo sedanjik.
- Neposredno: The teacher said, "The earth revolves around the sun."
- Posredno: The teacher said (that) the earth revolves around the sun.
- Če je uvodni glagol v sedanjiku (she says, he tells us), čas ostane enak.
- Neposredno: "I have a new car."
- Posredno: She says she has a new car.
- Modalni glagoli could, might, should, would in ought to ostanejo nespremenjeni v posrednem govoru.
- Neposredno: "I could play better."
- Posredno: He said he could play better.
Korak 3: Sprememba prislovov za čas in kraj
Pri prehodu v posredni govor je treba običajno prilagoditi prislove in izraze za čas ali kraj:
| Neposredni govor | Posredni govor | Primer |
|---|---|---|
| now | then, at that time | I am studying now. → He said he was studying then. |
| today | that day | I have an exam today. → She said she had an exam that day. |
| yesterday | the day before, the previous day | I saw him yesterday. → He said he had seen him the day before. |
| tomorrow | the next day, the following day | I will call you tomorrow. → She said she would call me the next day. |
| last week/month/year | the previous week/month/year | I went to Paris last year. → He said he had gone to Paris the previous year. |
| next week/month/year | the following week/month/year | We will start the project next week. → They said they would start the project the following week. |
| here | there | I am staying here. → She said she was staying there. |
| this | that | I like this book. → He said he liked that book. |
| these | those | I bought these shoes. → She said she had bought those shoes. |
| ago | before | I met her two years ago. → He said he had met her two years before. |
Uvodni glagoli (reporting verbs)
Običajno za tvorbo posrednega ali neposrednega govora uporabimo uvodni glagol "say".
Obstajajo pa tudi drugi glagoli, predstavljeni v spodnji tabeli. Dodali smo tudi, kako se tvori stavek, saj so nekateri glagoli sledeni z nedoločnikom, drugi z gerundom...
| Uvodni glagol | Slednja struktura | Primer |
|---|---|---|
| to tell | direktni objekt + infinitiv | She told me to finish my homework. |
| to ask | direktni objekt + infinitiv | He asked her to help him. |
| to advise | direktni objekt + infinitiv | The doctor advised me to rest for a few days. |
| to warn | direktni objekt + infinitiv | She warned us not to go into the forest. |
| to suggest | gerund (-ing oblika) | He suggested going to the park. |
| to explain | "that" + stavek | She explained that she couldn’t attend the meeting. |
| to say | "that" + stavek | He said that he would arrive late. |
| to recommend | gerund (-ing oblika) | They recommended taking the earlier train. |
| to insist | gerund (-ing oblika) ali "that" | She insisted on coming with us. She insisted that we leave immediately. |
| to agree | infinitiv | He agreed to help me with my project. |
| to promise | infinitiv | She promised to call me later. |
| to refuse | infinitiv | He refused to apologize for his mistake. |
| to apologize | preposition + gerund (for + -ing) | He apologized for being late. |
| to admit | gerund (-ing oblika) ali "that" | She admitted cheating in the exam. She admitted that she had made a mistake. |
| to deny | gerund (-ing oblika) ali "that" | He denied stealing the money. He denied that he had stolen the money. |
| to encourage | direktni objekt + infinitiv | They encouraged me to apply for the position. |
| to forbid | direktni objekt + infinitiv | The teacher forbade us to use our phones during the exam. |
Razlika med say in tell
Pomembna razlika med tema dvema uvodnima glagoloma je:
- say je običajno sledeno neposredno z poročanim govorom ali "that".
- She said (that) she was tired.
- tell je vedno sledeno z direktnim objektom (me, you, him, her ...) pred "that".
- She told me (that) she was tired.
Vprašanja v posrednem govoru
Yes/No Questions
Za pretvorbo zaprtega vprašanja v posredni govor uporabimo "if" ali "whether".
- He asked, "Do you like coffee?" → He asked if I liked coffee.
V tem primeru obrat osebka in glagola izgine (ni več Do you).
Wh-Vprašanja
Za poročanje vprašanja, ki se začne z who, what, when, where, why, how, itd., ohranimo vprašalnico, vendar vrnemo običajen vrstni red osebek-glagol.
- Why was he late? → She asked me why he was late.
(”was" in "he" imata običajni vrstni red v posredni obliki.) - She asked, "Where are you going?" → She asked where I was going.
Ukazi in zapovedi v posrednem govoru
Za poročanje ukaza, prošnje ali nasveta običajno uporabimo to + infinitiv ali izraze kot "told someone to do something" ali "asked someone to do something".
-
Z “told someone to do something”:
- Open the door! → He told me to open the door.
-
Z “asked someone to do something”:
- Please, sit down. → She asked me to sit down.
Zaključek
Neposredni in posredni govor sta dve osnovni metodi za prenašanje izjav v angleščini. Neposredni govor, ki ga prepoznamo po narekovajih, zvesto reproducira izvirne besede. Posredni govor pa zahteva prilagajanje zaimkov, glagolskih časov in prislovov za ustrezno prenašanje sporočila.
Te strukture in razlike so pogosto preizkušane na TOEIC®, še posebej v delih o slovnici in razumevanju pisnega jezika.