Kors dwar il-past perfect continuous - Preparazzjoni TOEIC®
Il-past perfect continuous huwa tense li jesprimi azzjoni li kienet għaddejja qabel mument partikolari fil-passat. Pereżempju: Kkont qed nistudja għal sagħtejn qabel kelli l-ikla ta' filgħaxija.
B’differenza mill-past perfect simple li jenfasizza r-riżultat, il-past perfect continuous jpoġġi l-enfasi fuq id-durata jew il-proċess tal-azzjoni.
Kif tifforma l-past perfect continuous?
Il-past perfect continuous jinbena bl-auxiliary had been segwit mill-verb fil-forma -ing.
| Sentenzi affermattivi | Sentenzi negattivi | Sentenzi interrogattivi |
|---|---|---|
| I had been working | I had not (hadn't) been working | Had I been working? |
| You had been working | You had not (hadn't) been working | Had you been working? |
| He / She / It had been working | He / She / It had not (hadn't) been working | Had he/she/it been working? |
| We had been working | We had not (hadn't) been working | Had we been working? |
| You had been working | You had not (hadn't) been working | Had you been working? |
| They had been working | They had not (hadn't) been working | Had they been working? |
- L-auxiliary had been jibqa’ invariabbli għal kull persuna.
- Il-verb prinċipali dejjem jieħu l-forma -ing, irrispettivament mis-suġġett.
- Il-past perfect continuous huwa sempliċement il-forma fil-passat tal-present perfect continuous.
Meta tuża l-past perfect continuous?
Il-past perfect continuous biex tenfasizza d-durata ta’ attività qabel mument partikolari fil-passat
Il-past perfect continuous jpoġġi l-enfasi fuq id-durata jew il-kontinwità ta’ azzjoni li kienet għaddejja qabel avveniment fil-passat.
Jgħinek turi eżatt kemm damet l-azzjoni sakemm seħħ it-tieni avveniment.
- They had been waiting for over an hour before the concert started.
Hawnhekk, l-espressjoni "had been waiting for over an hour" tindika li kienu qed jistennew għal aktar minn siegħa meta beda l-kunċert.
Fil-prattika, spiss nużaw marcaturi ta’ durata jew punt ta’ tluq bħal for (għal) jew since (sa minn) biex nispjegaw il-perjodu:
- They had been practicing for three days before they gave their first show.
- I had been studying since 5 p.m. before I finally took a break.
F’dawn l-eżempji, l-enfasi hija fuq id-durata tal-azzjoni aktar milli fuq il-konklużjoni sempliċi tagħha jew fuq l-avveniment li ġie wara.
Il-past perfect continuous biex tispjega li azzjoni seħħet għal perjodu determinat qabel mument ieħor fil-passat
Il-past perfect continuous jindika li azzjoni damet għal perjodu definitt qabel ma seħħ it-tieni avveniment, li jimmarka t-tmiem jew tranżizzjoni.
L-enfasi hija fuq id-durata totali tal-ewwel azzjoni, li tispiċċa qabel jew eżatt meta jseħħ it-tieni avveniment fil-passat.
- I had been living in London for five years before I moved to Manchester.
« had been living in London for five years » jenfasizza li l-persuna diġà kienet tgħix Londra għal ħames snin qabel ma marret Manchester.
Spiss nużaw marcaturi ta’ durata bħall-for biex nispjegaw il-perjodu mgħoddi:
- He had been working at the company for six months before he decided to quit.
- We had been training for three hours before the coach asked us to stop.
Dawn l-istrutturi jippermettu li nindikaw b’mod ċar l-istess perjodu eżatt li fih l-azzjoni seħħet qabel ma jidher avveniment ġdid fil-passat.
Il-past perfect continuous biex tiddeskrivi azzjoni li kienet għaddejja f’mument speċifiku fil-passat
Il-past perfect continuous jintuża biex jindika li attività kienet diġà għaddejja f’mument speċifiku fil-passat. Jpoġġi l-enfasi fuq l-istat ta’ progressjoni tal-azzjoni f’dak il-mument.
- At 7 p.m. yesterday, I had been studying for two hours already.
Hawnhekk, "had been studying for two hours" jindika li fit-19:00, kont qed nistudja diġà għal sagħtejn.
Tipikament nużaw marcatur ta’ ħin preċiż (bħal « at 7 p.m. » jew « at midnight ») biex nindikaw il-mument meta l-azzjoni kienet għaddejja. Din l-istruttura tenfasizza l-progress u d-durata ta’ attività sakemm mument definit fil-passat.
Il-past perfect continuous ma jintużax ma’ verbs statici (jew verbs ta’ stat)
Il-verbs ta’ stat - magħrufa wkoll bħala verbs statici - (bħal know, like, love, believe, eċċ.) jesprimu stat jew sentiment aktar milli azzjoni għaddejja. Għalhekk ma nużawhomx fil-past perfect continuous, għax dan it-tense jesprimi progressjoni jew durata ta’ azzjoni. F’dawn il-każijiet, nużaw aktar il-past perfect simple:
- I had known him for a long time before we became friends.
Dan l-eżempju jesprimi stat - "li tkun taf lil xi ħadd" - mhux azzjoni għaddejja.
Il-lista tal-verbs statici tinsab hawn:
Konklużjoni
Il-past perfect continuous jintuża biex jesprimi azzjoni li kienet għaddejja qabel mument partikolari fil-passat, bil-enfasi fuq id-durata u l-proċess tagħha. Jinbena b’had been + verb fil-forma -ing u spiss jintuża ma’ for jew since biex jindika l-perjodu kkonċernat.
Fil-TOEIC®, dan it-tense jista’ jidher f’mistoqsijiet ta’ grammatika u fehim miktub, speċjalment biex jesprimi d-durata ta’ azzjoni fil-passat jew biex jistabbilixxi kronoloġija ta’ avvenimenti.
Għandna korsijiet oħra dwar il-perfect li tista’ ssib hawn:
- 🔗 Kors dwar il-present perfect simple għall-TOEIC®
- 🔗 Kors dwar il-present perfect continuous għall-TOEIC®
- 🔗 Kors dwar id-differenza bejn il-present perfect simple u l-present perfect continuous għall-TOEIC®
- 🔗 Kors dwar il-past perfect simple għall-TOEIC®
- 🔗 Kors dwar il-past perfect continuous għall-TOEIC®
- 🔗 Kors dwar id-differenza bejn il-past perfect u l-past simple għall-TOEIC®
- 🔗 Kors dwar id-differenza bejn il-past perfect simple u l-past perfect continuous għall-TOEIC®