Kors fuq il-past perfect simple - Preparazzjoni TOEIC®
Il-past perfect simple huwa tense bl-Ingliż li jintuża biex nitkellmu dwar xi ħaġa li ġrat qabel avveniment ieħor fil-passat.
Pereżempju: Meta wasalt għall-istazzjon, it-train kien diġà telaq.
Dan it-tense huwa utli ħafna għall-irrakkont ta' stejjer jew biex tispjega affarijiet f’ordni kronoloġika korretta.
Kif niffurmaw il-past perfect simple?
Il-past perfect simple jinbena bl-auxiliary « had » (li jibqa’ l-istess ma’ kull persuna) segwit mill-past participle (past participle) tal-verb:
| Frase affermattiva | Frase negattiva | Frase interrogattiva |
|---|---|---|
| I had finished | I had not (hadn't) finished | Had I finished? |
| You had finished | You had not (hadn't) finished | Had you finished? |
| He / She / It had finished | He / She / It had not (hadn't) finished | Had he/she/it finished? |
| We had finished | We had not (hadn't) finished | Had we finished? |
| You had finished | You had not (hadn't) finished | Had you finished? |
| They had finished | They had not (hadn't) finished | Had they finished? |
- Il-past perfect simple huwa "l-passat tal-present perfect". Tista’ ssib il-kors dwar il-present perfect hawn.
- Għal verbs regolari, il-past participle jinħoloq billi żżid -ed mal-verb bażiku (eż. worked).
- Għal verbs irregolari, trid titgħallem il-forma tal-past participle bl-idejn. Tista’ ssib il-lista tal-verbs irregolari hawn.
Meta nużaw il-past perfect simple?
Il-past perfect simple jintuża biex jiddeskrivi azzjoni jew stat preċedenti għal mument ieħor fil-passat. Jintuża wkoll biex jesprimi xewqat jew stennijiet li ma seħħewx fil-passat. Fil-fatt, huwa l-present perfect, imma fil-passat.
Il-past perfect simple biex nitkellmu dwar azzjoni li spiċċat qabel azzjoni oħra fil-passat
Il-past perfect simple jindika li azzjoni kienet lesta qabel punt ta’ referenza li jinsab ukoll fil-passat.
- When I reached the station, the train had already left.
Meta wasalt għall-istazzjon, it-train kien diġà telaq qabel wasal. - When she woke up, the storm had passed.
Meta qamet, il-maltemp kien diġà għadda.
Fil-past perfect simple, spiss insibu espressjonijiet ta’ żmien bħal when, as soon as, after, by the time, before...
- She had finished the book before I could ask her about it.
- By the time we got home, the guests had already left.
Il-past perfect simple biex tesprimi xewqat, dispiaciri, ċanfira, jew intenzjoni li ma seħħitx fil-passat
Il-past perfect simple jista’ jintuża biex tirreferi għal xi ħaġa li xtaqt jew pjanajt tagħmel, iżda li ma seħħitx.
- We had planned to visit the new exhibition, but it closed earlier than expected.
Konna pjanajna li nżuru l-esebizzjoni l-ġdida, imma għalqet qabel ma stennija. - She had hoped to meet the CEO during the conference, but he canceled his appearance.
Kienet ittamat li tiltaqa’ mal-CEO waqt il-konferenza, imma hu kkanċella l-preżenza tiegħu. - If only I had remembered to bring my passport!
Kieku ftakart li nieħu l-passaport tiegħi! - She blamed him because he hadn’t called earlier.
Tqanqlet miegħu għax ma ċempilx qabel.
Spiss nużaw il-past perfect simple ma’ verbs ta’ intenzjoni bħal hope (ittama), want (irid), mean (bi ħsieb), plan (jippjana), expect (jistenna), intend (bi ħsieb), wish (jixtieq), ...
Il-past perfect simple biex nitkellmu dwar ipoteżi fil-passat
Il-past perfect simple jista’ jintuża biex nimmaġinaw avvenimenti li setgħu jiġru b’mod differenti.
- I wish I had taken that opportunity.
Kieku ħadt dik l-opportunità. - He acted as if he had known about it all along.
Aġixxa bħallikieku kien jaf minn dejjem.
Il-past perfect simple fid-diskors indirett (reported speech)
Meta nirrappurtaw xi ħaġa li xi ħadd qal (jew ħaseb) fil-passat, nużaw il-past perfect biex nitkellmu dwar affarijiet li kienu ġraw qabel dak il-mument.
- Direct speech: I had already eaten before you called.
Reported speech: She said that she had already eaten before I called.
Qalet li kienet diġà kiela qabel ċempilt. - Direct speech: They finished the project before the deadline.
Reported speech: He said they had finished the project before the deadline.
Qal li temmew il-proġett qabel id-data limiti.
Għal aktar informazzjoni, tista’ taqra l-kors li ktibna dwar is-suġġett:
Il-past perfect simple fil-frase kondizzjonali tat-tip 3 (Third Conditionals)
Il-frasi kondizzjonali tat-tip 3 jintużaw biex nitkellmu dwar sitwazzjonijiet immaġinarji fil-passat, ħafna drabi biex nesprimu dispiaciri jew alternattivi pproposti.
Il-past perfect jidher fil-clause kondizzjonali (if-clause) biex jiddeskrivi kundizzjoni li ma seħħitx.
- If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
Kieku studjajt aktar, kont għaddejt mill-eżami. - If they had left earlier, they would have caught the train.
Kieku telqu aktar kmieni, kienu jlaħħqu mat-train. - If she had told me the truth, I would have helped her.
Kieku qalitli l-verità, kont ngħinha.
Għal aktar informazzjoni, tista’ taqra l-kors li ktibna dwar is-suġġett:
Il-past perfect simple ma’ markaturi taż-żmien komuni
Bħall-present perfect simple, xi adverbji jew markaturi taż-żmien spiss jakkumpanjaw il-past perfect simple:
- already
- They had already locked the doors when we arrived.
Kienu diġà serrħu l-bibien meta wasalna.
- They had already locked the doors when we arrived.
- yet
- She hadn’t replied to my message yet when I called her.
Ma kienetx wieġbet għall-messaġġ tiegħi għadni meta ċempiltilha.
- She hadn’t replied to my message yet when I called her.
- by the time
- By the time we reached the venue, the performance had already started.
Meta wasalna fil-post, il-prestazzjoni kienet diġà bdiet.
- By the time we reached the venue, the performance had already started.
- just
- I had just finished the report when the manager asked for it.
Kien għadni kemm spiċċajt ir-rapport meta l-manager talabha.
- I had just finished the report when the manager asked for it.
- never
- He felt unprepared because he had never faced such a difficult situation before.
Ħassu mhux ippreparat għax qatt ma kien ffaċċja sitwazzjoni diffiċli bħal din qabel.
- He felt unprepared because he had never faced such a difficult situation before.
- once, as soon as, after, before, when...
- He looked nervous. He had never given a speech before.
Deher nervuż. Qatt ma kien għamel diskors qabel.
- He looked nervous. He had never given a speech before.
Għal aktar informazzjoni, tista’ taqra l-kors li ktibna dwar il-present perfect simple:
Konklużjoni
Bħala sommarju, il-past perfect simple jinbena bil-had + past participle u jintuża prinċipalment biex jindika li avveniment seħħ qabel mument ieħor fil-passat.
Jintuża wkoll biex nesprimu stennijiet jew xewqat li ma seħħewx. Fil-TOEIC®, spiss jintuża fil-mistoqsijiet tal-parti Reading. Għalhekk huwa importanti li tkun taf tużah tajjeb biex tirnexxi fl-eżami TOEIC®.
Ktibna korsijiet oħra dwar il-perfect, tista’ ssibhom hawnhekk:
- 🔗 Kors dwar il-present perfect simple għall-TOEIC®
- 🔗 Kors dwar il-present perfect continuous għall-TOEIC®
- 🔗 Kors dwar id-differenza bejn il-present perfect simple u il-present perfect continuous għall-TOEIC®
- 🔗 Kors dwar il-past perfect simple għall-TOEIC®
- 🔗 Kors dwar il-past perfect continuous għall-TOEIC®
- 🔗 Kors dwar id-differenza bejn il-past perfect u l-past simple għall-TOEIC®
- 🔗 Kors dwar id-differenza bejn il-past perfect simple u il-past perfect continuous għall-TOEIC®