Kors dwar l-espressjoni tal-kapaċità bl-Ingliż - Preparazzjoni TOEIC®
Bl-Ingliż, huwa importanti li tkun taf kif tesprimi dak li tista' tagħmel, dak li ma tistax tagħmel, jew dak li stajt tagħmel fil-passat. Dan il-kapitlu juri kif tuża kliem bħall-can, could u be able to, kif ukoll espressjonijiet oħra utli biex titkellem dwar il-kapaċità jew dwar suċċessi.
1. « Can » biex tesprimi kapaċità (fil-preżent)
Il-modal can hija l-aktar forma komuni biex tesprimi kapaċità fil-preżent. Huwa faċli biex tuża u ma jinbidilx fil-persuna tat-tielet (he/she/it).
A. Kif tuża « can »?
| Forma | Struttura | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| Affermattiva | Suġġett + can + verb base | I can speak three languages. (Nista' nitkellem tliet lingwi.) She can drive a car. (Hija taf / tista' issuq karozza.) |
| Negattiva | Suġġett + cannot (can't) + verb base | He can't swim. (Ma jafx jgħum / Ma jistax jgħum.) They can’t come tonight. (Ma jistgħux jiġu llum: impossibbiltà li jkunu ħielsa, jew raġuni oħra) |
| Interrogattiva | Can + suġġett + verb base | Can you help me? (Tista' tgħini? / Int kapaċi tgħini?) Can they fix the computer? (Huma kapaċi jsewwu l-kompjuter?) |
B. Meta tuża « can »?
- Biex titkellem dwar kapaċità ġenerali (fiżika, intellettwali, ...)
- I can lift 50 kilos.
(kapaċità fiżika) - She can solve complicated math problems.
(kapaċità intellettwali)
- I can lift 50 kilos.
- Biex tesprimi awtorizzazzjoni / permess (estenzjoni tan-nota tal-possibbiltà)
- You can use my phone if you want.
(idea ta' « permess ») - F'dan il-kors, niffokaw l-aktar fuq il-kapaċità, imma tista' taqra dan il-kors dwar il-permess biex titgħallem aktar.
- You can use my phone if you want.
- Biex titkellem dwar fatt possibbli (f'kuntest informali)
- It can get really hot here in summer.
(huwa possibbli, huwa fil-karatteristiċi tal-post)
- It can get really hot here in summer.
C. Meta tuża « can't »?
- Biex titkellem dwar nuqqas ta' kapaċità ġenerali (fiżika, intellettwali, ...)
- I can't lift 50 kilos.
(nuqqas ta' kapaċità fiżika) - She can't solve complicated math problems.
(nuqqas ta' kapaċità intellettwali)
- I can't lift 50 kilos.
- Biex tesprimi impossibbiltà loġika jew kontextwali
- You can't be serious!
(huwa impossibbli, fil-kuntest loġiku) - He can't be at home; I just saw him at the store.
(impossibbiltà loġika skont il-fatti)
- You can't be serious!
- Biex tindika projbizzjoni (f'ton informali)
- You can't park here.
(m'għandekx dritt tissikka hawn: idea ta' projbizzjoni informali) - They can't enter the building without a badge.
(ma jistgħux jidħlu mingħajr badge)
- You can't park here.
- Biex tesprimi frustrazzjoni jew limitazzjoni
- I can't understand this math problem.
(ma nistax nifhem) - She can't stop laughing.
(ma tistax tieqaf tidħaq, limitazzjoni personali jew kontextwali)
- I can't understand this math problem.
2. « Could » biex tesprimi kapaċità fil-passat (jew ipotetika)
Il-modal could jintuża prinċipalment biex tesprimi kapaċità f'kuntest tal-passat jew ipotetiku.
A. Kif tuża « could »?
| Forma | Struttura | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| Affermattiva | Suġġett + could + verb base | I could run very fast when I was a kid. (Meta kont tifel, kont nista' niġri malajr) She could read when she was only four. (Kienet taf taqra meta kellha erba' snin) |
| Negattiva | Suġġett + could not (couldn't) + verb base | We couldn't finish the project yesterday. (Ma stajniex inlestu l-proġett ilbieraħ) He couldn't find his keys. (Ma setax isib iċ-ċwievet tiegħu) |
| Interrogattiva | Could + suġġett + verb base | Could you understand the instructions? (Stajt tifhem l-istruzzjonijiet?) Could he play the piano as a child? (Kien jaf jilgħab il-pjanoforte meta kien tifel?) |
B. Meta tuża « could »?
- Kapaċità fil-passat (ġenerali)
- When I was young, I could climb trees easily.
(kapaċità regolari fit-tfulija)
- When I was young, I could climb trees easily.
- Kapaċità f'kuntest ipotetiku / kondizzjonali
- I could help you if I had more time.
(nista' ngħinek kieku kelli aktar ħin) - They could win the match if they trained harder.
(jistgħu jirbħu l-logħba kieku jittrenjaw aktar)
- I could help you if I had more time.
- Talba edukata / suġġeriment (valur aktar mħaffef minn « can »)
- Could you lend me a pen?
(tista' tissellifli pinna, jekk jogħġbok?) - We could go to the cinema tonight.
(nistgħu mmorru ċ-ċinema llum)
- Could you lend me a pen?
C. Meta tuża « couldn't »?
- Biex titkellem dwar nuqqas ta' kapaċità fil-passat (fiżika, intellettwali, ...)
- I couldn't lift 50 kilos when I was younger.
(nuqqas ta' kapaċità fiżika fil-passat) - She couldn't solve complicated math problems as a child.
(nuqqas ta' kapaċità intellettwali fil-passat)
- I couldn't lift 50 kilos when I was younger.
- Biex tesprimi impossibbiltà loġika jew kontextwali fil-passat
- He couldn't have been at the meeting; he was out of town.
(impossibbiltà loġika fil-passat) - They couldn't have finished the project so quickly.
(impossibbli, skont il-loġika tal-fatti tal-passat)
- He couldn't have been at the meeting; he was out of town.
- Biex tindika projbizzjoni jew rifjut fil-passat
- We couldn't enter the building without a badge.
(ma stajniex nidħlu mingħajr badge) - She couldn't go to the party because her parents said no.
(ma setgħetx tmur għall-festa, projbizzjoni fil-passat)
- We couldn't enter the building without a badge.
- Biex tesprimi tentattiv fallut jew nuqqas ta' suċċess
- I couldn't find my keys yesterday.
(ma rnexxiliex insib iċ-ċwievet tiegħi) - They couldn't fix the computer on time.
(ma rnexxilhomx isewwu l-kompjuter fil-ħin)
- I couldn't find my keys yesterday.
- Biex tindika nuqqas ta' kapaċità ipotetika
- I couldn't live without my phone.
(ma nistax ngħix mingħajr it-telefon tiegħi, f'ipotetiċi) - He couldn't do that, even if he tried.
(ma jistax jagħmel dan, anke kieku jipprova)
- I couldn't live without my phone.
3. « Be able to » biex tesprimi kapaċità f'kull żmien grammatikali
B'differenza minn can u could, be able to tista' tiġi kkonjugata f'kull żmien. Għalhekk xi kultant tissejjaħ « semi-modal » minflok modal pur.
A. Kif tuża « be able to »?
Forma bażika: Suġġett + be (konjugat) + able to + verb base + kumpliment fakultattiv
-
Preżent
Forma Struttura Affermattiva I am able to swim across the lake.
(Nista' ngħum minn naħa għall-oħra tal-lag)Negattiva I am not able to understand this concept.
(Ma nistax nifhem dan il-kunċett)Interrogattiva Are you able to help me with this exercise?
(Tista' tgħini b'dan l-eżerċizzju?) -
Passat
Forma Struttura Affermattiva We were able to contact the manager yesterday.
(Stajna nikkuntattjaw lill-manager ilbieraħ)Negattiva We were not able to contact the manager yesterday.
(Ma stajniex nikkuntattjaw lill-manager)Interrogattiva Were you able to contact the manager yesterday?
(Stajt tikkuntattja lill-manager ilbieraħ?) -
Futur
Forma Struttura Affermattiva She will be able to travel next month.
(Tista' tivvjaġġa x-xahar li ġej)Negattiva She will not be able to travel next month.
(Ma tistax tivvjaġġa x-xahar li ġej)Interrogattiva Will she be able to travel next month?
(Se tkun tista' tivvjaġġa x-xahar li ġej?) -
Present perfect
Forma Struttura Affermattiva He has been able to improve his English a lot this year.
(Irnexxielu jtejjeb l-Ingliż dan is-sena)Negattiva He has not been able to improve his English this year.
(Ma rnexxielux jtejjeb l-Ingliż)Interrogattiva Has he been able to improve his English this year?
(Irnexxielu jtejjeb l-Ingliż din is-sena?)
B. Meta tuża « be able to »?
- Meta « can » jew « could » ma jistgħux jintużaw f'ċerti żminijiet grammatikali. Ma tistax tgħid « I have can... » jew « I will can... ». Għalhekk trid tuża « be able to ».
- I have been able to save some money.
(u mhux « I have can save... »)
- I have been able to save some money.
- Biex tissottolinja suċċess (partikolari jew speċifiku)
- We were able to solve the problem at the last minute.
(irnexxielna, rnexxielna nagħmluha)
- We were able to solve the problem at the last minute.
- Biex tesprimi azzjonijiet futuri b'ċertezza
- I will be able to drive next year.
(se jkolli età / kapaċità biex insuq is-sena d-dieħla)
- I will be able to drive next year.
4. Modi oħra kif tesprimi kapaċità
Għalkemm can, could u be able to huma l-aktar komuni, hemm modi oħra kif tesprimi kapaċità jew suċċess li tagħmel xi ħaġa:
- Manage to + verb base: jissottolinja l-idea li rnexxielek tagħmel xi ħaġa, minkejja diffikultajiet.
- I managed to fix the bike despite having no tools.
(Irnexxieli nsewwi r-rota minkejja li ma kellix għodda)
- I managed to fix the bike despite having no tools.
- Succeed in + V-ing: simili għal « manage to » iżda ftit aktar formali. Ifakkar fuq is-suċċess wara sforz.
- She succeeded in persuading her boss.
(Irnexxielha tikkonvinċi lill-kap tagħha) - He succeeded in finishing all his tasks before the deadline.
(Irnexxielu jtemm ix-xogħol kollu qabel id-data tal-iskadenza)
- She succeeded in persuading her boss.
- Know how to + verb base: jissottolinja l-kompetenza, il-għarfien ta' teknika.
- He knows how to program in Python.
(Jaf jipprogramma f'Python)
- He knows how to program in Python.
- Be capable of + V-ing / nomen: espressjoni aktar formali ta' kapaċità.
- They are capable of solving complex problems.
(Huma kapaċi jsolvu problemi kumplessi)
- They are capable of solving complex problems.
5. Qabbel u sfumaturi bejn l-espressjonijiet tal-kapaċità
Wara li rajna l-modali u semi-modali (u l-formuli tagħhom), ejja nħarsu lejn id-differenzi u l-finezza ta’ użu tagħhom.
A. « Can » vs. « Could »
- Can (preżent): kapaċità attwali, diretta, jew permess f’ton sempliċi.
- I can swim.
(Nista' ngħum / Jien kapaċi ngħum)
- I can swim.
- Could (passat / ipotetiku): kapaċità fil-passat (regolari) jew kapaċità kondizzjonali.
- I could swim when I was five.
(kapaċità ġenerali fit-tfulija) - I could help you if I had some free time.
(kapaċità ipotetika)
- I could swim when I was five.
B. « Can » / « Could » vs. « Be able to »
Qabbel 1: « Be able to » tista' tiġi kkonjugata f'kull żmien (preżent, passat, futur, perfect, eċċ), kuntrarjament għal « can / could »
- He has been able to find a better job.
(present perfect)
Qabbel 2: « Could » normalment tesprimi kapaċità ġenerali fil-passat waqt li « Was able to » jissottolinja li rnexxielek tagħmel xi ħaġa darba, f’mument speċifiku.
| Eżempju | Sfumat |
|---|---|
| When I was a kid, I could climb trees. | kapaċità ġenerali (spiss ripetuta) |
| Yesterday, I was able to climb that tall tree. | suċċess ta’ kisba partikolari, ilbieraħ |
Konklużjoni
Hawn tabella sommarja biex tikseb ħarsa ġenerali dwar kif tesprimi kapaċità bl-Ingliż:
| Espressjoni | Nuance ewlenija | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| can | Kapaċità fil-preżent, permess informali | I can play piano. |
| could | Kapaċità regolari fil-passat jew kondizzjonali/ipotetika | I could run fast as a child. |
| be able to (am/is/are...) | Jissottolinja l-possibbiltà li tikkonjugaha f'kull żmien + suċċess partikolari | I was able to contact him yesterday. |
| manage to + verb base | Suċċess minkejja l-ostakli | She managed to fix her car without professional help. |
| succeed in + V-ing | Suċċess (spiss formali) | They succeeded in saving enough money to travel. |
| know how to + verb base | Kompetenza teknika jew intellettwali | He knows how to bake perfect bread. |
| Be capable of + V-ing / nomen | Kapaċità formali, potenzjal teoretiku | This machine is capable of processing large amounts of data. |
Korsijiet oħra dwar il-modali
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