Kors fuq id-discours direct u indirect bl-Ingliż - Preparazzjoni TOEIC®
Id-discours direct u d-discours indirect (bl-Ingliż, reported speech) huma żewġ modi ta' kif nirrapportaw il-kliem ta' xi ħadd.
- Id-discours direct jikkonsisti li tirrepeti kelma b'kelma dak li qal xi ħadd, ġeneralment bl-użu ta’ kwotazzjonijiet.
- Id-discours indirect jikkonsisti li tirrapporta l-idea ta’ dak li kien qal, mingħajr ma tuża bilfors l-istess kliem.
Dan il-kors għandu l-għan li jispjega dawn iż-żewġ modi ta' espressjoni bl-Ingliż, jiddistingwi l-firxa tagħhom u jippreżenta r-regoli fundamentali dwar kif tittrasforma discours direct f'discours indirect.
Id-discours direct (Direct Speech)
Id-discours direct bl-Ingliż jikkonsisti li tirrapporta eżatt il-kliem ta’ persuna. Normalment, tirrikonoxxih permezz tal-kwotazzjonijiet.
- John qal, "I’m going to the store."
- She asked, “Are you coming with me?”
Karatteristiċi ta’ discours direct
- Użu tal-kwotazzjonijiet: Id-discours direct jitpoġġa bejn kwotazzjonijiet bl-Ingliż: “...”
- Rispett tal-punteġġjatura: Is-sinjali ta’ punteġġjatura (punt, virgola, mistoqsija...) normalment jitpoġġu ġewwa l-kwotazzjonijiet.
- Inverżjoni suġġett-verb possibbli jekk tkun mistoqsija: “Are you coming with me?”
- Tenses verbali: It-tenses verbali fid-discours direct jitħallu kif kienu rapportati mill-kelliem.
Id-discours indirect (Indirect Speech jew Reported Speech)
Id-discours indirect (jew reported speech) jippermetti li tgħaddi l-kliem ta’ xi ħadd mingħajr ma tikkwota kelma b’kelma. Din il-forma hija kkaratterizzata min-nuqqas ta’ kwotazzjonijiet u normalment teħtieġ bidliet fil-pronomi, tenses verbali u espressjonijiet ta’ ħin u post.
- Discours direct: Mary said, “I love reading books.”
- Discours indirect: Mary said that she loved reading books.
B’mod ġenerali, id-discours indirect jippermetti:
- Li tissummarizza jew tirrapporta l-essenza ta’ messaġġ.
- Tevita r-ripetizzjoni tal-kliem eżatt.
- Tintegra b’mod naturali il-kliem f’rakkont.
Se naraw fis-sezzjoni li jmiss kif tittrasforma sentenza mid-discours direct għal discours indirect.
Kif tittrasforma discours direct f'discours indirect
Biex tittrasforma discours direct għal discours indirect bl-Ingliż, normalment trid tibdel:
- Il-verb introduttiv (per eżempju said, told, asked, eċċ.).
- Il-pronomi personali (I, you, we...) skont il-perspettiva l-ġdida.
- It-tense verbali (imsejjaħ backshift, jiġifieri li tmur lura fit-tense).
- L-espressjonijiet ta’ ħin u post (now, today, tomorrow...).
Pass 1: Bidla fil-pronomi
Il-pronomi personali jridu jiġu adattati skont min qed jirrapporta l-kliem:
| Discours direct | Discours indirect | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| "I" | he / she (skont min qed nitkellmu fuqu) | I am hungry. → He said he was hungry. |
| "we" | they | We need more time. → They said they needed more time. |
| "you" | I / we (jew he/she/they, skont il-kuntest u l-kelliem) | You should come with me. → She told me I should come with her. (jew) He told us we should go with him. |
Pass 2: Bidla fit-tense
Bl-Ingliż, meta tirrapporta kliem li kien fil-preżent, normalment tħawwelhom fil-passat, speċjalment meta l-verb introduttiv ikun fil-passat (said, told...). Hawn taħt l-iskema ta’ bidliet fit-tense, magħrufa bħala backshift bl-Ingliż:
| Discours direct (tense) | Discours indirect (tense) | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple - prétérit | I play football. → He said he played football. |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | I am playing football. → He said he was playing football. |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | I have played football. → He said he had played football. |
| Past Simple - prétérit | Past Perfect | I played football. → He said he had played football. |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | I was playing football. → He said he had been playing football. |
| Future with will | Conditional with would | I will play football tomorrow. → He said he would play football the next day. |
| Modals: can / could | Modals: could | I can play football. → He said he could play football. |
| Modals: may / might | Modals: might | I may play football. → He said he might play football. |
| Modals: must | Modals: had to | I must play football. → He said he must play football. |
Eċċezzjonijiet u każijiet speċjali
- Jekk is-sitwazzjoni rrappurtata tibqa’ vera (verità ġenerali jew sitwazzjonijiet li għadhom validi meta nitkellmu), tista’ tħalli l-preżent kif inhu.
- Direct: The teacher said, "The earth revolves around the sun."
- Indirect: The teacher said (that) the earth revolves around the sun.
- Jekk il-verb introduttiv ikun fil-preżent (she says, he tells us), it-tense jibqa’ l-istess.
- Direct: "I have a new car."
- Indirect: She says she has a new car.
- Il-modals could, might, should, would u ought to jibqgħu bla tibdil fid-discours indirect.
- Direct: "I could play better."
- Indirect: He said he could play better.
Pass 3: Bidliet fl-adverbs ta’ ħin u post
Meta tittrasforma għal discours indirect, tipikament trinbidel l-adverbs u l-espressjonijiet ta’ ħin u post:
| Discours direct | Discours indirect | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| now | then, at that time | I am studying now. → He said he was studying then. |
| today | that day | I have an exam today. → She said she had an exam that day. |
| yesterday | the day before, the previous day | I saw him yesterday. → He said he had seen him the day before. |
| tomorrow | the next day, the following day | I will call you tomorrow. → She said she would call me the next day. |
| last week/month/year | the previous week/month/year | I went to Paris last year. → He said he had gone to Paris the previous year. |
| next week/month/year | the following week/month/year | We will start the project next week. → They said they would start the project the following week. |
| here | there | I am staying here. → She said she was staying there. |
| this | that | I like this book. → He said he liked that book. |
| these | those | I bought these shoes. → She said she had bought those shoes. |
| ago | before | I met her two years ago. → He said he had met her two years before. |
Il-verbi introduttivi (reporting verbs)
Normalment, biex tifforma discours direct jew indirect, tuża l-verb introduttiv “say”.
Madankollu, hemm ukoll verbi oħra kif muri fit-tabella hawn taħt. Aħna żidna wkoll kif tifforma s-sentenza, għax xi verbi jiġu segwiti minn infinitiv, oħrajn minn gerund...
| Verb introduttiv | Struttura segwita | Eżempju |
|---|---|---|
| to tell | dirett object + infinitiv | She told me to finish my homework. |
| to ask | dirett object + infinitiv | He asked her to help him. |
| to advise | dirett object + infinitiv | The doctor advised me to rest for a few days. |
| to warn | dirett object + infinitiv | She warned us not to go into the forest. |
| to suggest | gerund (-ing form) | He suggested going to the park. |
| to explain | "that" + clause | She explained that she couldn’t attend the meeting. |
| to say | "that" + clause | He said that he would arrive late. |
| to recommend | gerund (-ing form) | They recommended taking the earlier train. |
| to insist | gerund (-ing form) jew "that" | She insisted on coming with us. She insisted that we leave immediately. |
| to agree | infinitiv | He agreed to help me with my project. |
| to promise | infinitiv | She promised to call me later. |
| to refuse | infinitiv | He refused to apologize for his mistake. |
| to apologize | prepożizzjoni + gerund (for + -ing) | He apologized for being late. |
| to admit | gerund (-ing form) jew "that" | She admitted cheating in the exam. She admitted that she had made a mistake. |
| to deny | gerund (-ing form) jew "that" | He denied stealing the money. He denied that he had stolen the money. |
| to encourage | dirett object + infinitiv | They encouraged me to apply for the position. |
| to forbid | dirett object + infinitiv | The teacher forbade us to use our phones during the exam. |
Differenza bejn say u tell
Hemm differenza importanti li għandek tkun taf bejn dawn iż-żewġ verbi introduttivi:
- say normalment jiġi segwit direttament mill-reported speech jew "that".
- She said (that) she was tired.
- tell dejjem jiġi segwit minn dirett object (me, you, him, her...) qabel "that".
- She told me (that) she was tired.
Il-mistoqsijiet fid-discours indirect
Yes/No Questions
Biex tittrasforma mistoqsija magħluqa f'discours indirect, tuża “if” jew “whether”.
- He asked, "Do you like coffee?" → He asked if I liked coffee.
F’din is-sitwazzjoni, l-inverżjoni suġġett-verb tisparixxi (ma jibqax Do you).
Wh-Questions
Biex tirrapporta mistoqsija li tibda b’who, what, when, where, why, how, eċċ., żomm il-kelma interrogattiva, iżda terġa’ tpoġġi l-ordni suġġett-verb normali.
- Why was he late? → She asked me why he was late.
("was" u "he" jerġgħu jieħdu l-ordni normali fil-forma indiretta.) - She asked, "Where are you going?" → She asked where I was going.
L-imperattivi fid-discours indirect
Biex tirrapporta ordni, talba jew parir, normalment tuża to + infinitiv jew espressjonijiet bħal "told someone to do something" jew "asked someone to do something".
-
B’“told someone to do something”:
- Open the door! → He told me to open the door.
-
B’“asked someone to do something”:
- Please, sit down. → She asked me to sit down.
Konklużjoni
Id-discours direct u indirect huma żewġ metodi fundamentali biex nirrapportaw kliem bl-Ingliż. Id-discours direct, faċli biex tirrikonoxxih permezz tal-kwotazzjonijiet, jirrepeti fedelment il-kliem oriġinali. Id-discours indirect, min-naħa l-oħra, jeħtieġ li tadatta l-pronomi, it-tenses verbali u l-adverbs biex tirrapporta l-messaġġ b’mod korrett.
Dawn l-istrutturi u sfumaturi huma spiss ivvalutati fil-TOEIC®, speċjalment fis-sezzjonijiet tal-grammatika u fehim miktub.