TOEIC®备考:present perfect continuous课程

present perfect continuous(也称为present perfect progressive)是英语中的一种时态,用于表示一个动作在过去开始,并持续到现在。这个时态特别强调动作的持续性和长度。
这个时态尤其适用于:
- 描述自过去某时开始并持续至今的动作
- 强调某项活动的持续时间
- 解释某个由最近活动导致的当前状况
present perfect continuous的构成方法?
present perfect continuous由助动词**「have/has」的Present形式,后接「been」和动词的Gerund形式**(Gerund就是动词加上**-ing**)。如下所示:
肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
---|---|---|
I have been working | I have not (haven't) been working | Have I been working? |
You have been working | You have not (haven't) been working | Have you been working? |
He/She/It has been working | He/She/It has not (hasn't) been working | Has he/she/it been working? |
We have been working | We have not (haven't) been working | Have we been working? |
You have been working | You have not (haven't) been working | Have you been working? |
They have been working | They have not (haven't) been working | Have they been working? |
在这个例句中,动词 「work」变为「-ing」形式(working)。这一规则适用于所有动词,无论是规则动词还是不规则动词。
在TOEIC®考试中,一个常见错误是忘记在**「have/has」和动词的「-ing」之间加上「been」**。
❌ She has working all day
✅ She has been working all day
present perfect continuous的使用时机
用于描述从过去开始并持续到现在的动作
present perfect continuous用于描述过去开始的活动,并且持续到说话的现在。
- Jack has been training for the marathon since March.
Jack自三月以来一直在为马拉松训练。
与关键单词搭配使用
正如present perfect simple一样,present perfect continuous常与相同的关键词一起使用。但在这里,重点是动词/动作(因为在present perfect continuous中,动词本身就是正在进行的动作),它始于过去并延续到现在。
关键词 | 例句 | 说明 |
---|---|---|
for | We have been renovating the house for six months. | 用于表示持续时间。这里"for six months"说明动作已经持续了六个月并仍在继续。 |
since | She has been learning to play the piano since 2020. | 表示具体的起始点。这里“since 2020”标记了一项持续至今的活动的开始。 |
how long | How long have you been waiting for the bus? | 用于提问动作的持续时间,询问从过去开始的动作持续了多长时间。 |
all day | I have been working on this report all day. | 表示整天的持续时间,强调某项活动到目前为止还在进行。 |
lately | I haven't been feeling very energetic lately. | 用来描述最近经常发生的情况。“lately”强调对现在的影响。 |
recently | He has been spending a lot of time outdoors recently. | 表示靠近现在的一段时间。“recently”强调最近的持续性对现在的影响。 |
用于突出动作的持续性和重复性
present perfect continuous用于强调某个动作自过去开始持续或重复,并延续到现在或对现在产生影响。这可以表示未间断的活动或多次发生的行为。
强调持续时间:
当需要表达某项活动已经持续了很长一段时间时:
- We have been waiting for the bus for over an hour.
我们已经等公交车一个多小时了。
强调重复性:
当某个动作在特定时间段内反复发生时:
- He has been calling me every day this month.
本月他每天都给我打电话。
强调努力或投入:
当需要突出在某项活动上投入了大量时间或精力时:
- They have been working tirelessly on this project.
他们一直在为这个项目不懈努力。
用最近的活动来解释当前状况
present perfect continuous也用于解释或说明某种当前状态或情形,其原因是最近的一项活动对现在造成了影响。
例如,如果你现在很累,很可能是因为你刚刚做了某事。这个用法强调过去动作与当前状态之间的联系。
解释当前身体或情绪状态:
- I am exhausted because I have been running all morning.
我很累,因为我整个早上都在跑步。 - She looks stressed because she has been studying for her exams.
她看起来很有压力,因为她一直在为考试复习。
用最近的活动解释当前情形
- The room is a mess because we have been painting the walls.
房间很乱,因为我们一直在粉刷墙壁。 - Your clothes are wet because you have been walking in the rain.
你的衣服湿了,因为你刚刚在雨中走过。
询问某种当前状态或情形的原因
- Why are you so dirty? Have you been working in the garden?
你怎么这么脏?你刚才在花园里干活了吗? - What have you been doing? You look exhausted!
你刚才都做了什么?你看起来很累!
用于描述刚刚结束的活动
present perfect continuous可以用来描述刚刚结束的活动,这些活动通常有明显的线索或直接后果,说明它们刚刚发生过。
描述直接可见的后果:
- The car is shiny now. He has been washing it.
现在车很亮,他刚才在洗车。 - The meeting room is a mess. They have been brainstorming ideas for the new project.
会议室很乱,他们一直在为新项目头脑风暴。 - Her desk is full of papers. She has been preparing the quarterly report.
她的桌子上堆满了文件,她一直在准备季度报告。
描述最近或暂时状态
- The printer is out of paper. Someone has been printing a lot of documents.
打印机没纸了,有人在大量打印文件。 - He looks tired. He has been handling customer complaints all morning.
他看起来很累,一上午都在处理客户投诉。
用于表达最近未发生的活动
present perfect continuous还可以用来表达最近没有发生的事情,或者某种情况已经发生了变化。
- I haven’t been receiving emails from that client recently.
最近我没有收到那个客户的邮件。 - They haven’t been making progress on the project.
他们在项目上没有取得进展。 - She hasn’t been attending the weekly meetings.
她最近没有参加每周的会议。
present perfect continuous的动词使用限制
并不是所有动词都可以用于present perfect continuous,因为有些动词描述的是状态或无法持续的动作。
这些动词通常被称为静态动词(状态动词),一般不用于进行时。
非进行式动词(静态动词 / 状态动词)
这些动词描述的是状态(拥有、观点、感知等)而非动作。它们不能用于present perfect continuous,因为无法表达持续性。
- He bought the company in 2010.
他在2010年买下了公司。(买是一次性动作) - He has owned the company since 2010.
他自2010年以来一直拥有这家公司。(拥有own这样的动词不能用于进行时) - She has known the supplier for years.
她认识这个供应商已经很多年了。(像know这种表示关系或认知的动词不能用于进行时)
静态动词列表可在这里查看:
可用于进行时的动作动词
与状态动词不同,动作动词描述的是可持续的活动或过程。这些动词适用于present perfect continuous。
- They have been negotiating the contract for three weeks.
他们已经谈了三周合同了。 - The company has been expanding its market reach since last year.
公司自去年以来一直在拓展市场。 - We have been testing the new product since Monday.
我们从周一开始就在测试新产品。
结论
present perfect continuous是一种可以表达正在进行的动作、持续的时间或过去与现在之间的连接的英语时态。
掌握present perfect continuous的各种用法,能让你在不同场合下正确运用,尤其是在TOEIC®考试当天。
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