TOEIC®备考 Past Perfect 时态课程
Past perfect simple 和 past perfect continuous 是表示过去动作的两种时态，两者有不同的细微含义。Past perfect simple 描述在另一个过去事件之前已经完成的动作，而 past perfect continuous 强调动作的持续或连续性。
- Past perfect simple ：表示一个动作在过去某一时刻之前已经完成。
- I had locked the door before I went to bed.
在我去睡觉之前，我已经锁了门。
- I had locked the door before I went to bed.
- Past perfect continuous：强调在另一个事件发生前，动作的持续或重复。
- He had been working for hours when his friends finally arrived.
在朋友最终到达的时候，他已经工作了几个小时。
- He had been working for hours when his friends finally arrived.
根据时间标志词的选择
选择 past perfect simple 或 past perfect continuous 时，需注意关键时间词和表达。这些时间标志有助于明确动作的时间线和持续性。
A. For 和 Since：强调持续时间
- For 表示一个动作持续了多长时间。
- Past perfect continuous：当需要强调动作持续到过去某一点时，常用此时态。
- He had been reading for two hours when the power went out.
当停电发生时，他已经读了两个小时。
- He had been reading for two hours when the power went out.
- Past perfect simple：也可以用，但较少，尤其是在强调动作完成时。
- He had lived there for two years before he decided to move.
在决定搬家之前，他已经在那里住了两年。
- He had lived there for two years before he decided to move.
- Past perfect continuous：当需要强调动作持续到过去某一点时，常用此时态。
- Since 表示动作开始的具体时间点（某日期或时刻）。
- Past perfect continuous：再次偏向用于突出动作直到某个过去事件前的连续性。
- She had been working in that company since 2010 when she was promoted.
她在那家公司从2010年开始工作，直到被提升。
- She had been working in that company since 2010 when she was promoted.
- Past perfect simple：用于强调结果已经达到某个过去时点。
- He had worked there since 2010 before quitting.
在辞职之前，他已经在那工作了自2010年起。
- He had worked there since 2010 before quitting.
- Past perfect continuous：再次偏向用于突出动作直到某个过去事件前的连续性。
总结来说，遇到 "for" 或 "since" 时，若想表达动作已经持续了一段时间，用 past perfect continuous；若强调动作已经开始并结束于另一事件之前，则用 past perfect simple。
B. Before / By the time / When：时间顺序
- Before / By the time / When：这些表达说明动作在另一个过去时刻之前已完成或正在进行。
- Past perfect simple：强调动作已完成。
- I had finished my homework before my friend called.
在朋友打电话前，我已经完成了作业。
- I had finished my homework before my friend called.
- Past perfect continuous：强调动作在 "before / by the time / when" 所指时间点前的持续性。
- They had been planning the trip for months when they finally booked the tickets.
他们计划旅行已经几个月了，直到最终订票。
- They had been planning the trip for months when they finally booked the tickets.
- Past perfect simple：强调动作已完成。
当你需要强调某事已经完成时选用 past perfect simple；若想突出动作持续了多久则选用 past perfect continuous。
C. Already / Just：完成性
- Already 和 Just 表示动作在另一过去事件前已经完成或刚刚结束。
- Past perfect simple：这些标志词常用于说明动作完全结束。
- I had already seen that movie before I read the reviews.
在看影评之前，我已经看过那部电影了。 - She had just left when you arrived.
你到达时，她刚刚离开。
- I had already seen that movie before I read the reviews.
- Past perfect continuous：与 "already / just" 搭配较少，因为此时更关注完成而非持续。
- They had just been talking when the alarm went off.
警报响时，他们正在交谈。（虽可用，但不常见）
- They had just been talking when the alarm went off.
- Past perfect simple：这些标志词常用于说明动作完全结束。
通常，"already" 和 "just" 与 past perfect simple 搭配，用于说明某动作在另一动作发生时已经结束。
根据动词类型的选择
除了时间标志词，动词的类型也很重要。有些动词称为静态动词（或状态动词），描述状态、拥有、情感或心理过程。这些动词一般不用于continuous时态。
A. 静态动词（stative verbs）
以下动词（部分举例）通常为静态动词：
- 状态或拥有类动词：to be, to have, to own, to belong...
- 非主观感知动词：to see, to hear, to smell...
- 情感或意愿动词：to love, to like, to hate, to want...
- 思考或知识动词：to know, to believe, to understand...
状态动词清单详见：
- Past perfect（正确用法）：
- I had known him for years before we finally worked together.
在我们终于一起工作之前，我已经认识他多年了。
- I had known him for years before we finally worked together.
- Past perfect continuous（通常错误）：
- I had been knowing him for years...
应避免使用，因为"know"表达状态，而非持续动作。
- I had been knowing him for years...
对这些状态动词，建议使用 past perfect simple 来表示它们在过去某一时刻持续为真。
B. 动作动词（dynamic verbs）
描述动作或动态过程的动词，则可使用 past perfect continuous 强调动作的持续性或连续性。
- 活动类动词：to work, to run, to read, to cook, to play, to travel...
- 过程类动词：to grow, to change, to develop...
动作动词清单详见：
- Past perfect：
- She had worked on her project before the deadline.
她在截止日期前已经完成了项目。
此处强调工作已完成。
- She had worked on her project before the deadline.
- Past perfect continuous：
- She had been working on her project for several weeks before the deadline.
在截止日期前，她已经持续工作了几个星期。
此处强调工作持续时间。
- She had been working on her project for several weeks before the deadline.
C. 什么时候静态动词可作动作动词？
有些动词视语境可为静态或动态。如“to have”可表示拥有（静态），也可以表示进行（如吃饭、洗澡--动作）。
- 静态（拥有）：
- Past perfect：
- He had had that car for years before selling it.
在卖掉这辆车之前，他已经拥有它多年。
- He had had that car for years before selling it.
- Past perfect continuous：
- He had been having that car...
应避免使用，因为这里是拥有，不是持续动作。
- He had been having that car...
- Past perfect：
- 动态（动作：吃、安排等）：
- Past perfect continuous：
- He had been having breakfast when the phone rang.
电话响时，他正在吃早餐。
此处“having breakfast”为正在进行的动作。
- He had been having breakfast when the phone rang.
- Past perfect continuous：
对这些含义可变动词，请判断是状态（不可用进行时）还是动作（可用进行时）。
结论
Past perfect simple 强调某动作在另一个过去事件前已经完成；而 past perfect continuous 强调该动作在同一参照点前的持续性或连续性。请牢记：
- Past perfect simple = 某动作在另一过去动作之前已完成。
- Past perfect continuous = 某动作在另一过去时刻之前正在进行或已持续。
通过这两个时态，你可以更精确、更有层次地叙述过去的事件，突出结果或持续时间。
我们还编写了其他有关 perfect 时态的课程，详情请见：
- 🔗 TOEIC® present perfect simple 课程
- 🔗 TOEIC® present perfect continuous 课程
- 🔗 TOEIC® present perfect simple 与 present perfect continuous 区别课程
- 🔗 TOEIC® past perfect simple 课程
- 🔗 TOEIC® past perfect continuous 课程
- 🔗 TOEIC® past perfect 与 past simple 区别课程
- 🔗 TOEIC® past perfect simple 与 past perfect continuous 区别课程