英语过去完成时课程 - TOEIC®备考

Past perfect simple(过去完成时)是英语中的一种时态,用来描述某件事情发生在过去的另一个事件之前。
举个例子:当我到达火车站时,火车已经开走了。
这个时态对于讲故事或按正确顺序解释事情非常有用。
如何构成过去完成时?
past perfect simple 的结构是助动词 「had」(所有主语都用同一个形式),后接动词的 过去分词 (past participle):
肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
---|---|---|
I had finished | I had not (hadn't) finished | Had I finished? |
You had finished | You had not (hadn't) finished | Had you finished? |
He / She / It had finished | He / She / It had not (hadn't) finished | Had he/she/it finished? |
We had finished | We had not (hadn't) finished | Had we finished? |
You had finished | You had not (hadn't) finished | Had you finished? |
They had finished | They had not (hadn't) finished | Had they finished? |
- Past perfect simple 是 "present perfect 的过去时"。你可以在这里查看 present perfect 的课程:Present perfect 简单时课程。
- 对于规则动词,过去分词在动词原型后加上 -ed(例如 worked)。
- 对于不规则动词,必须记住过去分词的形式。你可以在这里找到不规则动词列表:不规则动词列表。
什么时候使用过去完成时?
Past perfect simple 用于描述某个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前发生,也可用于表达过去未实现的愿望或期待。实际上,它就是过去时态的 present perfect。
用过去完成时描述某动作在另一过去动作之前完成
Past perfect simple 表明某个动作在过去的一个参考点之前已经结束。
- When I reached the station, the train had already left.
当我到达车站时,火车已经在我之前开走了。 - When she woke up, the storm had passed.
她醒来时,暴风雨已经过去了。
在过去完成时中,常见的时间表达有 when、as soon as、after、by the time、before 等。
- She had finished the book before I could ask her about it.
- By the time we got home, the guests had already left.
用过去完成时表达愿望、遗憾、指责或未实现的计划
Past perfect simple 可用于表达原本希望或打算做的事情,但最终未实现。
- We had planned to visit the new exhibition, but it closed earlier than expected.
我们原本打算参观新的展览,但它提前关闭了。 - She had hoped to meet the CEO during the conference, but he canceled his appearance.
她原本希望在会议期间见到 CEO,但他取消了出席。 - If only I had remembered to bring my passport!
要是我记得带护照就好了! - She blamed him because he hadn't called earlier.
她责怪他没有早点打电话。
过去完成时常与表示意愿的动词一起使用,如 hope(希望)、want(想要)、mean(打算)、plan(计划)、expect(期待)、intend(意图)、wish(希望)等。
用过去完成时表达过去的假设
Past perfect simple 可以用来想象某些事情如果发生了会如何。
- I wish I had taken that opportunity.
我真希望当时抓住了那个机会。 - He acted as if he had known about it all along.
他表现得好像一直都知道这件事。
过去完成时在间接引语(reported speech)中的应用
当我们转述别人过去说过的话或想法时,使用past perfect 来谈论在那个时间之前发生的事情。
- Direct speech: I had already eaten before you called.
Reported speech: She said that she had already eaten before I called.
她说在我打电话之前她已经吃过了。 - Direct speech: They finished the project before the deadline.
Reported speech: He said they had finished the project before the deadline.
他说他们在截止日期前完成了项目。
更多相关内容可参考我们的课程:
过去完成时在第三类条件句(Third Conditionals)中的应用
第三类条件句用来描述过去与事实相反的假设情境,常用于表达遗憾或假设的替代选择。
Past perfect 出现在条件从句(if-clause)中,描述未曾实现的条件。
-
If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
如果我更努力学习,我就会通过考试了。 -
If they had left earlier, they would have caught the train.
如果他们早点离开,就能赶上火车了。 -
If she had told me the truth, I would have helped her.
如果她告诉我实情,我会帮助她的。
更多相关内容可参考我们的课程:
过去完成时与常见时间标记词的搭配
与 present perfect simple 类似,某些副词或时间标志词常与 past perfect simple 搭配使用:
- already
- They had already locked the doors when we arrived.
我们到达时他们已经把门锁好了。
- They had already locked the doors when we arrived.
- yet
- She hadn’t replied to my message yet when I called her.
我打电话时她还没有回复我的消息。
- She hadn’t replied to my message yet when I called her.
- by the time
- By the time we reached the venue, the performance had already started.
我们到达现场时演出已经开始了。
- By the time we reached the venue, the performance had already started.
- just
- I had just finished the report when the manager asked for it.
经理要报告时我刚刚写完。
- I had just finished the report when the manager asked for it.
- never
- He felt unprepared because he had never faced such a difficult situation before.
他觉得自己准备不足,因为以前从未遇到过这么难的情况。
- He felt unprepared because he had never faced such a difficult situation before.
- once、as soon as、after、before、when...
- He looked nervous. He had never given a speech before.
他看起来很紧张,因为以前从未发表过演讲。
- He looked nervous. He had never given a speech before.
更多相关内容可参考我们的课程:
总结
总的来说,past perfect simple 结构为 had + 过去分词,主要用于表示某个事件发生在过去的另一个时刻之前。
它也常用于表达期待或愿望未实现。在 TOEIC® 考试中,过去完成时常用于阅读部分的题目,因此掌握过去完成时对通过 TOEIC® 很重要。
我们还写了其他有关 perfect 时态的课程,你可以在这里查阅:
- 🔗 TOEIC® present perfect simple 课程
- 🔗 TOEIC® present perfect continuous 课程
- 🔗 TOEIC® present perfect simple 与 present perfect continuous 区别课程
- 🔗 TOEIC® past perfect simple 课程
- 🔗 TOEIC® past perfect continuous 课程
- 🔗 TOEIC® past perfect 与 past simple 区别课程
- 🔗 TOEIC® past perfect simple 与 past perfect continuous 区别课程