TOEIC®备考之Present Perfect Simple课程
本课程旨在帮助大家系统掌握TOEIC®考试中的present perfect simple时态！此处内容全面详尽！
Present perfect（现在完成时）是英语中特有的一种时态。它在其他语言中几乎没有对应的用法，因此，特别是在**TOEIC®**考试中，切记不要逐字翻译！
实际上，present perfect用来表示某件事情（一个状态或情形）开始于过去并一直延续到现在。
它既可以用于昨日起就开始且至今仍在持续的动作，也可以用于多年来一直适用且如今仍然成立的一般事实。
举例来说，交通法规：多年以前就开始实施，现在依然有效--这就是使用present perfect的标准场景。
- « How long have you lived there? I have lived here for 10 years »
- 你在这里住了多久？我已经在这里住了10年了
- "have lived here"表示这个人已经在这所房子住了10年，并且现在还住在那里。
本课程仅讲解present perfect simple，如需学习其他perfect相关课程，请点击以下链接：
如何构成present perfect simple？
Present perfect simple由助动词**“have”**（以现在时形式出现）+ 过去分词形式的动词组成。
| 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|
| I have finished | I have not (haven't) finished | Have I finished ? |
| You have finished | You have not (haven't) finished | Have you finished ? |
| He / She / It has finished | He / She / It has not (hasn't) finished | Has she finished ? |
| We have finished | We have not (haven't) finished | Have we finished ? |
| You have finished | You have not (haven't) finished | Have you finished ? |
| They have finished | They have not (haven't) finished | Have they finished ? |
以我们的例句为例，“finish”的过去分词是**“finished”（动词+ed形式）。对于不规则动词**，要使用其过去分词列的形式。
不规则动词表可在此处查阅：
第三人称单数遗漏“has”是TOEIC®考试中的常见错误，尤其是在Part 5部分：
He have worked here since 2001- “he has worked here since 2001”
什么时候使用present perfect simple？
A. 用present perfect simple表达对现在有影响的过去动作
Present perfect simple用于描述一项发生在过去（如昨天）的动作，其结果或影响仍然在现在可见或感受到。该时态强调过去与现在之间的联系。
- I have lost my keys.
我把钥匙弄丢了（过去的动作），所以现在被锁在门外了（结果影响现在）
present perfect与for和since的用法
Perfect时态常与时间状语**“for”或“since”**搭配。
- “For”表示一段时间（如两年、三个月...）
- I have lived in Paris for five years.
我在巴黎住了五年--而且现在还在住。
- I have lived in Paris for five years.
- “Since”表示明确的过去时间点（如2020年、星期一...）
- He has worked here since 2010.
他自2010年就在这里工作--现在仍然在职。
- He has worked here since 2010.
TOEIC®小窍门：
如果你在TOEIC®题目中看到**“for”或“since”，立刻联想到perfect时态！除了perfect**，几乎没有其他时态能与**“for”或“since”搭配（特别是present simple**）。❌
I am in Australia since 2021
✅I have been in Australia since 2021
present perfect与静态动词的用法
Present perfect simple经常与静态动词（如“to be”、“to have”、“to know”、“to like”、“to believe”等）一起使用。这些动词描述的是状态或情形而非动作，在某些语境下可突出过去与现在的联系。
静态动词完整列表请见：
- I have known her for five years.
我认识她五年了--现在依然认识。 - They have always believed in hard work.
他们一直相信努力工作--至今依旧如此。 - She has been my teacher since 2018.
她自2018年起就是我的老师--现在还是。
TOEIC®提示
静态动词常与“for”和“since”一起，表示某一状态自过去延续至今。
present perfect与how long的用法
Present perfect simple常与How long...搭配，用于询问从过去持续到现在的动作或状态的持续时间。
- How long have you lived in this city?
你在这座城市住了多久？ - I have lived here for 5 years / since 2018.
我在这里住了5年/自2018年以来一直住在这里。
present perfect在否定句中的用法
Present perfect常用于否定句中，表示自某一时刻以来未曾发生某事。
- I haven't played football for months.
我几个月没踢足球了。 - She hasn’t visited her grandparents since last summer.
她自去年夏天起就没去看过祖父母。
B. 用present perfect simple表达人生经历
Present perfect simple也用于描述经历或人生中发生过的事，这些事虽然发生在过去的某个不确定时间，但至今仍有现实意义。即，用来说明人生中做过或没做过什么。
- She has visited Japan three times.
她去过日本三次--以后还可能去。 - I have never tried skiing.
我从未尝试过滑雪--这仍是我未体验过的经历。
present perfect与副词never和ever的用法
Present perfect常与副词**“ever”或“never”**搭配。
- Ever通常用于疑问句，问对方是否有过某种经历
- 在疑问句中：
- Have you ever worked in a multinational company?
你曾在跨国公司工作过吗？
- Have you ever worked in a multinational company?
- 在否定句中：
- I haven't ever missed a deadline.
我从未错过截止日期。
- I haven't ever missed a deadline.
- 在疑问句中：
- Never常用于affirmative句，表达“至今从未发生过”
- 用于带否定意义的肯定句：
- I have never attended a trade show before.
我以前从未参加过展会。 - The candidate has never managed a team before.
这名候选人以前从未带领过团队。
- I have never attended a trade show before.
- 用于表达惊讶：
- Never have I seen such detailed reports!
我从未见过如此详细的报告！
- Never have I seen such detailed reports!
- 用于带否定意义的肯定句：
常见错误
注意ever和never的位置，应始终位于助动词（have/has）与过去分词之间。❌
This is the best pizza I ever have eaten.
✅ This is the best pizza I have ever eaten❌
She never has tried skiing before.
✅ She has never tried skiing before.
C. 用present perfect simple谈及刚刚发生且有即时影响的动作（与“just”连用）
Present perfect simple用于描述刚刚结束且对现在产生影响的动作。通常与副词**“just”**搭配，表明动作“刚刚”发生。
- The meeting has just started.
会议刚刚开始--现在正在进行。 - They have just signed the contract.
他们刚刚签署了合同--现在协议已正式生效。 - The train has just left.
火车刚刚离开--现在已经不在站台了。
D. 用present perfect simple表达未完成期间内反复发生的动作
Present perfect simple用于描述在尚未结束的时间段内反复发生的动作（如“本周”、“今天”或“今年”），强调这些动作与现在的联系。
- I have seen him twice this week.
本周我已经见过他两次--周还没结束，可能还会再见面。 - She has called the client three times today.
她今天已经给客户打了三次电话--今天还没结束。 - We have visited five branches this month.
我们这个月已经拜访了五家分店--本月还未结束。 - We have received many emails recently.
最近我们收到了很多邮件--“最近”这段时间还在继续。
常见关键词
| 关键词 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| Recently | We have received many emails recently. (最近我们收到了很多邮件。) |
| This week | I have visited the office three times this week. (本周我已去办公室三次。) |
| This summer | They have traveled a lot this summer. (今年夏天他们旅行很多。) |
| So far | She has completed four tasks so far. (到目前为止她已完成四项任务。) |
| In the past few days | We have made significant progress in the past few days. (过去几天我们取得了重大进展。) |
| Today | He has already called three clients today. (他今天已经联系了三位客户。) |
| This morning | I have sent two reports this morning. (今天早上我已发送了两份报告。) |
| This month | We have opened two new stores this month. (本月我们开了两家新店。) |
| This year | She has received several awards this year. (她今年获得了多个奖项。) |
| To date | We have achieved excellent results to date. (到目前为止我们取得了优异成绩。) |
| Over the last few weeks | They have launched three campaigns over the last few weeks. (最近几周他们发起了三次活动。) |
| Up to now | The team has solved all the issues up to now. (到目前为止团队解决了所有问题。) |
| Lately | I have been feeling very tired lately. (最近我感到很疲惫--这是近期开始并持续影响现在的状态。) |
补充说明 如果动作已经完成，但时间段仍延续至今，通常用_present perfect_加since（但绝不与for连用）。
- We have opened 9 stores since July
> 自七月以来我们已开了九家店。
E. 用present perfect simple谈及随时间发生的变化
Present perfect simple也常用于描述随着时间的推移发生的变化、进步或转变，强调变化的过程或影响。
- Her English has improved a lot.
她的英语进步很大--现在说得更好了。 - The company has grown significantly over the past year.
公司在过去一年里大幅发展--如今更大更强。 - He has become more confident since he started his new job.
他自从开始新工作后变得更加自信--这种变化现在很明显。 - Technology has advanced rapidly in the last decade.
过去十年技术飞速发展--这些进步影响着当下。
F. 用present perfect simple表达时间不确定的已发生动作
Present perfect simple还可以在动作发生的具体时间不重要时使用。重点在于动作已经发生或尚未发生，以及它未来仍有可能发生。
常见关键词
- Already：用于肯定句，表明动作已经发生，且往往比预期更早。Already应位于助动词(have/has)与过去分词之间。
- She has already completed the report.
她已经完成了报告
- She has already completed the report.
- Yet：用于疑问句和否定句，表示动作尚未发生但被期待。Yet放在句尾。
- Have you sent the email yet?
你已经发邮件了吗？ - I haven't finished my homework yet.
我还没有做完作业
- Have you sent the email yet?
- Still：多用于否定句，强调期待中的动作仍未发生，语气更强。
- I still haven't received a reply.
我仍未收到回复
- I still haven't received a reply.
present perfect simple的一些细微差别
差别1：“Been”与“Gone”
Has been与has gone的区别容易混淆，但非常重要。
- Has been表示某人曾去过某地，但现在已经不在那儿。
- She has been to Paris several times.
她去过巴黎几次--现在不在巴黎。
- She has been to Paris several times.
- Has gone表示某人去了某地，现在还在那里或还没回来。
- She has gone to the supermarket.
她去了超市--还没回来。
- She has gone to the supermarket.
差别2：present perfect simple VS present simple
不要混淆present perfect simple与present simple，这两个时态表达的含义不同。
-
Present simple表达一般事实、永久真理或习惯。
- She works at a bank.
她在银行工作（指总体情况）。 - I live in Paris.
我住在巴黎（稳定的事实）。
- She works at a bank.
-
Present perfect simple表示始于过去且一直延续到现在的动作。
- She has worked at a bank since 2010.
她自2010年以来就一直在银行工作。 - I have lived in Paris for five years.
我在巴黎已经住了五年。
- She has worked at a bank since 2010.
结论
Present perfect simple是**TOEIC®**考试中的核心时态，经常出现在语法和理解类题目中。
它用于表达对现在有影响的过去动作、人生经历或持续到现在的状态等。
记住诸如**“for”、“since”、“ever”、“never”、“just”、“already”和“yet”**等关键词，它们在考试中常作为时态判断的提示。
Perfect时态不仅限于present perfect simple，还有present perfect continuous、past perfect simple、past perfect continuous。以下为相关课程链接：